2018年3月12日 星期一

美打台灣牌遏華 或加速兩岸統一

<轉載自2018312 明報 社評>

過去兩周,圍繞着台灣,中美各有重要舉措推出,228日,大陸國台辦宣布了31項「惠台措施」,涵蓋產業、財稅、土地、金融、就業、教育、文化、醫療、影視等多個領域,開放力度之大、範圍之廣、涉及部門之多,前所未有。35日美國參眾兩院一致通過的《台灣旅行法》送交白宮,該法要求政府「鼓勵美國和台灣各個層級官員的互訪」,包括允許台灣高官到美國會見美國官員,包括國務院和國防部官員。按照美國立法程序,總統簽署便成為法律;即使總統不簽署,在國會會期內,總統只要在10天內不否決,法案也會自動生效。現在看,特朗普在本周五(16日)前否決的可能性不大。兩件事都對未來的兩岸關係、中美關係產生深遠影響。

台旅法本周將生效 美國口惠本小利大

「台旅法」與美國國會較早前通過的允許美國軍艦靠泊台灣港口的《國防授權法》一樣,都是美國面對中美以及兩岸實力的變遷,不得已打出針對中國的台灣牌,一來可在某程度上提振台灣士氣,同時延緩美方在台海失去戰略主動的進程,還可以據此獲得在對台售武、開放台灣市場方面的實利;二來可以牽制大陸在全球政經格局中的崛起,以利美方在中美各領域談判中討價還價。對此法案,中國外交部已即時表示反對,外長王毅上周四也要求美國嚴守承諾,「遵守一個中國的原則,堅持中美三個聯合公報」。

盱衡世局,中國在政經及軍事實力近年增長迅速,國際影響力也不斷提升,美國為遏制中國祭出了各種法寶,如抗衡中國的「一帶一路」倡議的「印太戰略」;抵制中資收購,阻止中國的資本擴張;加強對拉丁美洲和非洲的經濟援助,以抗衡中國在當地影響力的增長。不過,美國利用南海糾紛煽動東盟與中國的對抗的圖謀和者甚寡,朝核危機的緩和亦令中韓關係有所改善,中日破冰亦令東海的火藥味稍減。對華貿易戰亦是雙刃劍,美方一旦輕啟,恐怕殺敵一千,自損八百。因此,「台灣牌」已成為美國手上對華關係不多的可打之牌。

美國國會通過的上述兩項法案,其實對美國政府都不具約束力,美國軍艦對靠泊香港的需求遠高於靠泊台灣。美台官方之間私下交流的管道一直暢通,「台旅法」中對美台官方交往用的多是should(應該),並非強制必行;過去台灣總統出訪都過境美國,只是沒有到首都華盛頓,該法案也未提到華盛頓,只說可以enter(進入)美國,未用visit(訪問)字眼。明顯可見,這張「台灣牌」對中國傷害較大,但美國付出的成本較輕,本小利大。

但美方這種賣口乖式的對台支持,卻向兩岸關係、中美關係發出了危險信號,將被中方視為對「一中原則」的實質破壞,無形中增加了北京在台海攤牌的緊迫性。而在中美台三角關係中,最脆弱的無疑是台灣。

對於美方的這番「好意」,台北當然卻之不恭,但清楚知道,「台旅法」或《國防授權法》一旦實施,北京的報復措施,可能首先落在台灣身上。台灣一旦綁上美國遏制中國這輛戰車,就是過河的卒子,無法回頭了。因此,在欣喜之餘,台灣當局也需要冷靜思考,為回報美方的這種支持,台灣除了面對台海的更大風險外,還需要在台美貿易談判中怎樣地讓步?

大陸增統一緊迫感 經統磁吸力度空前

「台旅法」與《國防授權法》一樣,雖實質作用有限,但象徵意義重大,提升了北京解決台灣問題的緊迫感。在「二二八事件」71周年當天,國台辦公布的31項惠台措施,幅度之廣力度之大前所未見,其中台灣人參與大陸廣播電視節目和電影、電視劇製作數量不再受限,大陸發行、引進台灣產電影、電視劇數量不限,放寬兩岸合拍電影、電視劇各種限制等條款,較與香港的更緊密經貿關係安排(CEPA)更加優惠。被形容是兩岸「經濟統一」的加速器和對台灣人的「吸心大法」,長遠看將發揮對台灣的磁吸效應,即使不能完全扭轉島內的親獨傾向,至少會加劇台灣的社會分化。

中國修憲取消國家主席任期限制後,有關習近平有意在任內統一台灣的揣測就甚囂塵上。現在看,美國打台灣牌正好給北京解決台灣問題創造了機會,若台美過度刺激北京,宣布法理台獨,或提高台美官式往來規格,就等於提前統一的進程。

不過,從中共十九大報告到今年人大的政府工作報告,北京雖對台獨立場強硬,惟仍堅稱「和平統一」,顯示領導層並不希望用武統的終極手段,而是一方面縮限台灣的外交空間,一方面將以往送給台灣政黨和地方政府的大禮直接惠及普通民眾,加速經濟融合,逐漸融化兩岸界限,邁向漸進統一。

US's move may speed up China's reunification

OVER the past fortnight, China and the United States have separately introduced important initiatives concerning Taiwan. On 28th February, the mainland's Taiwan Affairs Office announced a package of 31 "Hui-Tai measures" (measures benefitting the Taiwan economy) covering industry, finance and taxation, land use, banking, employment, education, culture, health care and entertainment fields. The package was unprecedented in terms of its strength, scale and the number of sectors involved. Then on 5th March, the Taiwan Travel Act was sent to the White House following its unanimous passage through both chambers of US Congress. The bill called upon the administration to "encourage mutual visits between US and Taiwan officials at all levels" by, for instance, permitting high-level Taiwan officials to meet in the US with US officials including those from the State Department and the Pentagon. There is little chance that the bill would be vetoed by President Trump. Both events are set to influence future cross-strait relations and Sino-US relations profoundly.

Similar to the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) passed earlier by the US Congress to authorise US warships to conduct port calls in Taiwan, the Taiwan Travel Act is a move made by a US government which is left with few options in the face of changes in relative strengths between China and US and between the mainland and Taiwan. In fact, neither bill is binding on the administration. Furthermore, US warships have a much greater need to conduct port calls at Hong Kong than in Taiwan.

No doubt the Taipei authorities think it is impolite to decline such "kindness" from the US as shown in the bills. But they also know perfectly well that when the Taiwan Travel Act or the NDAA comes into effect, the Beijing government might take retaliatory measures against Taiwan first. Once Taiwan becomes part of the US's plan to contain China, it will be like a "soldier" in a game of Chinese chess that has crossed the river — there will be no turning back. Therefore, while basking in joy, the Taiwan authorities should also ponder cool-headedly this question — How many more concessions must Taiwan make in the Taiwan-US trade negotiation so as to reciprocate such support from the US, when it is already facing heightened risks in the Taiwan Strait?

The Taiwan Travel Act and the NDAA are the same in the sense that they both have limited practical effects but highly significant symbolic meanings. They have heightened Beijing's feeling of urgency in dealing with the Taiwan issue. On the 71st anniversary of the February 28 Incident, the Taiwan Affairs Office announced the 31 "Hui-Tai measures" with unprecedented scope and vigour. For example, there will not be limits anymore to the number of television programmes to be broadcast on the mainland or films and television dramas to be produced in which Taiwanese people can participate. Quotas on introducing and distributing Taiwan-produced films and TV series on the mainland will also be scrapped. Restrictions on cross-strait co-production of films and TV dramas will be loosened. Such terms are even more favourable than those of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) signed between the mainland and Hong Kong.

Now that China has amended its constitution to remove the limits on presidential terms, it is widely speculated that Xi Jinping intends to reunify the mainland with Taiwan during his presidency. Now it seems that the US's playing of the Taiwan card has given Beijing a good opportunity to solve the Taiwan issue. If Taipei and Washington provoke Beijing overly by, for instance, declaring the legal independence of Taiwan or raising the standard of Taiwan-US official exchanges, it will be tantamount to hastening reunification.

However, despite its hard-line stance towards Taiwan independence, Beijing has insisted on using the words "peaceful reunification". This shows that it is not the Chinese leaders' wish to resort to force as the ultimate means for reunification. What they want is reducing Taiwan's room of diplomatic manoeuvre on the one hand, and on the other giving ordinary Taiwanese people directly the benefits it has so far handed out to Taiwan political parties and the local government only. In this way, they hope to accelerate the economic integration of the two sides, gradually blurring the boundaries between the two regions and bringing them towards reunification.

美打台灣牌遏華 或加速兩岸統一

過去兩周,圍繞着台灣,中美各有重要舉措推出,228日,大陸國台辦宣布了31項「惠台措施」,涵蓋產業、財稅、土地、金融、就業、教育、文化、醫療、影視等多個領域,開放力度之大、範圍之廣、涉及部門之多,前所未有。35日美國參眾兩院一致通過的《台灣旅行法》送交白宮,該法要求政府「鼓勵美國和台灣各個層級官員的互訪」,包括允許台灣高官到美國會見美國官員,包括國務院和國防部官員,而總統特朗普否決的可能性不大。兩件事都對未來的兩岸關係、中美關係產生深遠影響。

「台旅法」與美國國會較早前通過的允許美國軍艦靠泊台灣港口的《國防授權法》一樣,都是美國面對中美以及兩岸實力的變遷,不得已打出針對中國的台灣牌。兩項法案其實對美國政府都不具約束力,美國軍艦對靠泊香港的需求遠高於靠泊台灣。

對於美方的這番「好意」,台北當然卻之不恭,但清楚知道,「台旅法」或《國防授權法》一旦實施,北京的報復措施,可能首先落在台灣身上。台灣一旦綁上美國遏制中國這輛戰車,就是過河的卒子,無法回頭了。因此,在欣喜之餘,台灣當局也需要冷靜思考,為回報美方的這種支持,台灣除了面對台海的更大風險外,還需要在台美貿易談判中怎樣地讓步?

「台旅法」與《國防授權法》一樣,雖實質作用有限,但象徵意義重大,提升了北京解決台灣問題的緊迫感。在「二二八事件」71周年當天,國台辦公布的31項惠台措施,幅度之廣力度之大前所未見,其中台灣人參與大陸廣播電視節目和電影、電視劇製作數量不再受限,大陸發行、引進台灣產電影、電視劇數量不限,放寬兩岸合拍電影、電視劇各種限制等條款,較與香港的更緊密經貿關係安排(CEPA)更加優惠。

中國修憲取消國家主席任期限制後,有關習近平有意在任內統一台灣的揣測就甚囂塵上。現在看,美國打台灣牌正好給北京解決台灣問題創造了機會,若台美過度刺激北京,宣布法理台獨,或提高台美官式往來規格,就等於提前統一的進程。

不過,北京雖對台獨立場強硬,惟仍堅稱「和平統一」,顯示領導層並不希望用武統的終極手段,而是一方面縮限台灣的外交空間,一方面將以往送給台灣政黨和地方政府的大禮直接惠及普通民眾,加速經濟融合,逐漸融化兩岸界限,邁向漸進統一。

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