中國宣布劃設東海防空識別區,在中國與日本環繞釣魚島的較量中,中國此舉有戰略意圖透明化、有利管控東海空域爆發衝突的意義,也有顯示更大決心,投放更多資源以捍衛主權和領土完整的意味。雖然日本與美國對中國的舉措反應強烈,相信不會動搖中國加強防衛的決心,環繞釣魚島爭議的較量會更趨白熱化。另外,在東海局勢抽緊之際,航空母艦「遼寧號」開赴南海,首次組織跨海區的長時間航行訓練,所釋出信息和周遭國家的反應,也值得關注。
批評中國設防空區 美國日本雙重標準
目前全球超過20個國家或地區設有防空識別區,美國早於1950年代已經設立,隨後針對中國大陸,還協助日本、韓國和台灣各自建立防空識別區。過去,中國基於國力與軍力等種種原因,並未劃設防空識別區,數十年來,美國偵察機沿中國海岸線飛行,蒐集情報的活動,已是公開秘密;10多年前,美國一架偵察機在中國沿岸執行任務時,在中國損失一架戰機的情下,把偵察機迫降海南島,此事是美國偵察與中國反偵察較量中,鮮有的一次曝光而已。不過,即使如此,中國10多年來仍然未因此劃設防空識別區,中國的忍讓是有目共睹的。
日本的防空識別區,遠遠超過他們自訂的所謂東海中間線,與中國領土距離最接近之處,只有130公里。去年9月日本所謂購買釣魚島(日稱尖閣諸島),顯露進一步佔奪釣魚島的意圖,中國改變數十年來的忍讓取態,在海空都有動作,顯示捍衛釣魚島主權決心。過去,日本按其劃定的防空識別區,經常起飛軍機監視中國正常飛行的飛機,釣魚島爭議加劇之後,日軍機起飛次數更頻繁,這是日本當局經常發出擦槍走火機率上升危言的緣由。
局勢朝衝突方向發展,中國此際劃設東海防空識別區,相信有強化管控,減少誤判,避免中日戰機發生空戰的考慮。當然,劃設防空識別區,意味中國在東海的軍力投入,將與過去不一樣,不過,若說中國此舉目的為挑起戰爭,可能性不大,因為不符合中國現階段爭取和平環境發展經濟、建設國家的目標。
誠然,中國與日本各自劃設的防空識別區範圍,有很大一部分重疊,若說因此增加了空中擦槍走火的機率,那是誰的責任,難道日本就沒有責任?難道中國就不應該劃設防空識別區,任由日本和美國的戰機在家門口飛來飛去?所以,檢視中國劃設防空識別區的來龍去脈,應該看到是外部環境與因素逼迫出來的,美國與日本的批評和反對,實際上是雙重標準,只欲體現強權而不講道理。
中日防空識別區重疊之處,只要雙方透過商討,建立起在空域避免出現摩擦的辦法,就會起到減少中日戰機擦槍走火,以至兩國走向戰爭的機率。只是,日本連釣魚島主權存在爭議的客觀事實,也不肯面對和承認,卻經常藉一些情使事態升級,日本就釣魚島事態是否有隱蔽議程的問題,再一次浮現出來。
日本所謂「購島」,觸發中國反制之後,一直要求美國表態釣魚島一旦有事,適用於《美日安保條約》,其後仗有美國口頭承諾,只要中國就釣魚島有什麼舉措,安倍晉三政府就把事態放大,客觀上要起到拖美國落水,使美國在釣魚島問題泥足深陷的局面。今次中國劃設防空識別區,安倍晉三說東海可能出現「不測事態」,不知道他憑什麼作這樣的判斷,或許此乃安倍主觀意願的表達,他看到的不測事態,由哪一方發端,只有安倍才知道。
美國一方面說在釣魚島爭議不選邊站,一方面又被日本愈拖愈深,或許反映美國力求避免與中國正面衝突,而低度支持日本與中國對抗,又符合美國重返亞洲,實行所謂戰略再平衡的部署。所以,就中國宣布劃設防空識別區,白宮副發言人厄尼思特(Josh Earnest)在空軍1號專機上對記者說:「中國政府作此宣布是沒有必要的挑釁(unnecessarily inflammatory) 行為」,批評中國的做法,不過,他隨後說:「這個海域有區域紛爭存在,而那些紛爭應透過外交方式化解。在面對此事時,雙方理應有許多重疊的共同觀點,足以達成解決方案,而毋須發出煽動性與不斷激化的言論。」這個說法,又顯得美國在給中日各打50大板了。
表面解讀厄尼思特的語意,看來雖然美日是軍事同盟,就釣魚島爭議美國向日方傾斜,但是到涉及可能發生戰爭的骨節眼,美國仍然與日本保持距離,要求中日透過外交方式解決。日本的議程與美國的議程,不盡相同,中國在他們之間,在美國軍力仍然處於壓倒性優勢的情下,如何做到釣魚島爭議只是中日之間的事,使美國自覺地與環繞釣魚島事宜保持一定距離,就此,中國要拿好分寸,爭取最壞情發生時,中國只需處理日本一個主要對手。
涉鄰國舉措應先打招呼 避免遭到不必要反彈
放在這個框架討論劃設防空識別區引發的關注,例如澳洲介入事件,傳召中國駐澳大使,要求解釋;韓國因為與其設立的防空識別區有小部分重疊,也向中國表示遺憾。澳洲和韓國的反應,不排除是美國「盟友」視美國為馬首是瞻的結果,但是,中國在籌劃和宣布此事之前,若先向周邊國家打招呼,做一些睦鄰解說動作,而非自行籌措、宣布之後立即執行,兩架軍機升空巡視,予外間宛如搞「突襲」的印象,即使再有理據,效果也會適得其反。中國在讓其他國家認受、接納方面,仍然有大量工作要做,首要做的是換腦袋:操諸在我沒有錯,但是要揣摩清楚怎樣才最有利於收到最大效果。
中日在東海纏鬥之際,「遼寧號」航母率編隊南下,到南海海域進行訓練,這是「遼寧號」首次在這個海域現身,雖云訓練,但是看在就一些島嶼與中國有爭端國家的眼裏,他們會有什麼反應,也值得關注。總之,東海、南海同樣波濤洶湧,中國300萬平方公里海疆的現,正譜寫中國和平崛起要面對的挑戰,考驗中國人的智慧和意志,催迫中國海上力量必須及時壯大起來,保衛民族與國家的根本利益。
Editorial
Diaoyu Islands dispute
Diaoyu Islands dispute
CHINA declared not long ago it had imposed an air defence
identification zone (ADIZ) over the East China Sea. China and Japan being in a
trial of strength about the Diaoyu Islands, the move is significant in that it
transparentises China's strategic design and helps manage air conflicts that
may break out over the East China Sea. It also implies that China is now more
determined to safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity and will
expend more resources in doing so.
In September last year Japan effected what it calls the
purchase of the Diaoyu Islands (which it calls the Senkaku Islands). That laid
bare its intention to seize them. Being no longer forbearing as it had been for
decades, China took action both at sea and in the air to evince its
determination to safeguard its sovereignty over the islands.
Things in the region are becoming such that conflicts may
occur. Conceivably, China decided to impose an ADIZ over the East China Sea
with a view to stepping up control, lowering the risk of misjudgement and
preventing Sino-Japanese air conflicts. Of course, that means China will deploy
different military strength in the East China Sea. However, it is improbable
that it has done so to provoke a war because that is out of keeping with its
aim of bringing about a peaceful environment in which to develop its economy
and build itself up.
Admittedly, China's ADIZ and Japan's overlap
considerably. Who is to blame if that makes inadvertent provocation likelier?
Are we to suppose Japan should not be blamed?
Since what it calls "island purchase" triggered
China's reaction, Japan has kept asking the US to declare the Japanese-US
Security Treaty applies to conflicts in the Diaoyu waters. It now relies on
America's verbal pledge. If China does anything in respect of the Diaoyu
Islands, the Abe administration will make a mountain out of a molehill to drag
the US in and get it bogged down in the dispute.
Militarily allied to Japan, the US is partial towards
Japan in the Diaoyu Islands dispute. However, when it comes to a grave matter
about which a war may break out, it still distances itself from Japan and urges
that China and Japan resolve the dispute by diplomacy. Tokyo's agenda and
Washington's do not exactly coincide, and the US still has overwhelming
military superiority. This being the case, Beijing should try to let the US see
that the Diaoyu Islands dispute should involve only China and Japan and that it
should consciously remain at a distance from matters concerning the disputed
islands. China should therefore act appropriately so that it will only have to
cope with one adversary - Japan - if the worst happens.
Australia has stepped in. China's ambassador in the
country has been summoned and asked to furnish an explanation. Because China's
ADIZ overlaps slightly with one of its own, South Korea
has expressed its regret at China's move. There is no ruling out the
possibility that the two countries have done so because they, being America's
allies, must follow its lead. However, China should have informed its neighbours
of its plan to impose an ADIZ and let them know why it had to do so. It should
not have kept it all to itself and enforced the decision in question as soon as
it announced it. Two warplanes immediately took off to reconnoitre the region.
That gave the impression of a "surprise action". Such a move may
backfire, however justified its ADIZ decision may be. There is still much China
should do to persuade other countries to approve of it. The first thing to do
is to adopt a new mindset. It is not wrong to think it is for China alone to
decide what to do with its territory, but it is necessary to figure out the
easiest way of getting the utmost results.
明報社評 2013.11.27﹕釣魚島爭議持續升溫 中日瀕國家意志較量
中國宣布劃設東海防空識別區,在中國與日本環繞釣魚島的較量中,中國此舉有戰略意圖透明化、有利管控東海空域爆發衝突的意義,也有顯示更大決心,投放更多資源以捍衛主權和領土完整的意味。
去年9月日本所謂購買釣魚島(日稱尖閣諸島),顯露進一步佔奪釣魚島的意圖,中國改變數十年來的忍讓取態,在海空都有動作,顯示捍衛釣魚島主權決心。
局勢朝衝突方向發展,中國此際劃設東海防空識別區,相信有強化管控,減少誤判,避免中日戰機發生空戰的考慮。當然,劃設防空識別區,意味中國在東海的軍力投入,將與過去不一樣,不過,若說中國此舉目的為挑起戰爭,可能性不大,因為不符合中國現階段爭取和平環境發展經濟、建設國家的目標。
誠然,中國與日本各自劃設的防空識別區範圍,有很大一部分重疊,若說因此增加了空中擦槍走火的機率,那是誰的責任,難道日本就沒有責任?
日本所謂「購島」,觸發中國反制之後,一直要求美國表態釣魚島一旦有事,適用於《美日安保條約》,其後仗有美國口頭承諾,只要中國就釣魚島有什麼舉措,安倍晉三政府就把事態放大,客觀上要起到拖美國落水,使美國在釣魚島問題泥足深陷的局面。
雖然美日是軍事同盟,就釣魚島爭議美國向日方傾斜,但是到涉及可能發生戰爭的骨節眼,美國仍然與日本保持距離,要求中日透過外交方式解決。日本的議程與美國的議程,不盡相同,在美國軍力仍然處於壓倒性優勢的情下,如何做到釣魚島爭議只是中日之間的事,使美國自覺地與環繞釣魚島事宜保持一定距離,就此,中國要拿好分寸,爭取最壞情發生時,中國只需處理日本一個對手。
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