<轉載自2013年9月3日 明報 社評>
中石油4名高層和前任董事長蔣潔敏相繼涉嫌貪腐受查,除了顯示中央反腐不僅打蒼蠅,也打大老虎之外,還有一點值得注意的是,不少國企已經成為既得利益集團,變成深化經濟體制改革的絆腳石,中石油乃市值數以萬億元計的超級國企,現在「石油幫」的頭面人物紛紛涉貪落馬,除了追究他們相關責任,中央應將之視為突破口,一舉整頓石油產業,解決石油系統諸多問題,並帶動整體國企改革。把反貪腐與改革結合起來,有望出現一個新局面。
搬動石油幫 習李「不怕出點事」
較早前4名中石油高層相繼捲入貪腐調查,已經哄動官商政界,到曾任中石油集團董事長的國務院國有資產管理監督委員會(國資委)主任蔣潔敏「涉嫌嚴重違紀」,加入受查行列,顯示中央的反貪力度非同小可。因為中石油這類超級國企,頭面人物都有後台,以蔣潔敏為例,在石油系統工作逾四分之一世紀,與前任兩名政治局常委曾慶紅和周永康素有淵源,今年3月調任國資委主任之前,他實際上是石油幫的總管,十八大時又晉身中共中央委員,以蔣潔敏等人的背景和官商位階而出事,折射出來的意義,遠遠超過他們涉及的貪腐行為。
首先,內地奉「穩定壓倒一切」為行事圭臬,這種思維在胡溫時代尤為突出,謹小慎微之下,許多問題未能及時處理,就國企而言,結果是讓它們坐大惡化至「權貴資本主義」。這是害怕出事的結果。各方既得利益集團大概也看到這個死穴,拉幫結派自行其是,前任總理溫家寶慨嘆過的「令不出中南海」,是他曾經面對的處境;習近平與李克強上場後,雖然內外政策仍然力求穩定,但是似乎習李「不怕出點事」。例如與日本就釣魚島爭議的對抗,以及較早前一度收緊貨幣供應而使銀行叫苦連天等,今次同時對付4名中石油高層,調查蔣潔敏,就不怕石油系統可能出亂子,而劍指石油幫總後台也呼之欲出,對政壇、權力結構的震盪和牽動極大,習李並未視為首要考慮。因此,經此一役石油幫會否被瓦解,值得注意。
習近平在十八大甫當選總書記,即矢言反貪腐,其後南下廣東,走1992年鄧小平南巡推動改革的足,可以說,反腐與改革是習近平治國理政的兩大主軸。
所周知,11屆三中全會以來,30多年改革開放,打造出許多體積龐大的國有企業,當時在打破大鍋飯、實施股份制、按市場原則運作的轉型中,改造國企是改革成功的一面,參與者更被冠以「改革者」之名。但是時移世易,現在的國企已經成為既得利益集團,當年參與國企改造的人,現在成為既得利益者,他們只看到自己的利益、集團的利益,抗拒繼續深化改革,不少更異化為權貴的命運共同體,綁架了中國的發展方向,俄羅斯國有資產僅極少數人巧取豪奪而去的局面,會否在中國重現,已經成為現實問題。
歷年來,中石油隨中國經濟發展,這個控制中國能源供應的國企,已經發展成為一個巨大集團,這些年,石油系統問題罄竹難書,蔣潔敏與其他高層人物負面傳聞也不少,但是中央對這個獨立王國,未能動其分毫。今次,石油幫出事,中央在處理違規、違紀行為之餘,會否趁機對中石油和石油產業進行改革,值得關注。
搬開絆腳石應順勢而行 整頓中石油和改革產業
石油在中國,並非能源那麼簡單,中共建政之後,開始自行勘探開採石油,先後開發建設了大慶、勝利、大港、遼河等幾個油田,「鐵人」王進喜就是在大慶油田建設中,被樹立為勞動模範的人物,所代表自力更生和犧牲精神,至今仍然被推崇。石油產業在當時的背景下,也面對包括油源枯竭等問題,1979年11月25日,渤海灣的急風巨浪掀翻一座石油鑽井,72名工人遇難,當時主管石油事務的副總理康世恩一度被追究領導責任以外,中央趁勢改革石油產業。
今次中石油出事,雖云導火線是人員貪腐,不過,石油系統種種問題才是貪腐的深層原因,中央要查辦相關人員,相信問題不大,即使有更高層人物牽涉,只要中央決心貫徹「無論職位多高也會一查到底」的方針,不怕所謂「出點事」,則相關人等也要付出代價。不過,中央更應該利用這個機會,整頓中石油和整個產業,例如,發生溫州動車事故,中央趁機搬動原鐵道部長劉志軍之外,現在鐵道部朝向市場化轉型改革,就是中央利用時機的結果。石油幫出事,也提供了類似機會,中央只要順勢而為,就可以使石油產業出現新局面。
35年前舉行11屆三中全會,確立改革開放路線,扭轉了中國的命運,今年稍後將舉行18屆三中全會,中國的改革在35年間取得了巨大成就,但是既得利益集團的抗拒,已經使改革難以推行下去,而現在的中國經濟體制運行發展至最劣質的「權貴資本主義」,經濟發展能否持續下去,已經是一大疑問。根本解決之道,當然是改革政治體制,若仍然等待時機,則中央藉查辦個別國企(例如中石油)的貪腐事故,一併推行產業改革,是順理成章的事。若已經搬開了中石油和產業改革的絆腳石,而中石油依然故我,這是失時失策,不對也不應該。
Editorial
The Fall of the "Oil Clique"
The Fall of the "Oil Clique"
SOME TIME AGO,
four senior executives of the China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC) got caught
up one after another in an anti-corruption probe, which caused quite a stir in
governmental, commercial, and political circles. Now that even Jiang Jiemin, director
of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the
State Council (SASAC) and formerly chairman of the CNPC group, is
"suspected of serious disciplinary violations" and placed under
investigation, it is clear the central government is firmly committed to the
battle against corruption, for the CNPC is one of those giant state-owned
enterprises whose top executives have powerful connections.
Jiang Jiemin, for instance, worked in the oil
system for more than a quarter of a century, and for a long time was associated
with two former Communist Party Politburo Standing Committee members, Zeng
Qinghong and Zhou Yongkang. Before becoming director of the SASAC in March this
year, he was the de facto chief of the "oil clique". He was even made
a member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at the
party's 18th National Congress. When someone with such a background and such
important government or commercial positions gets into trouble, we see a
message that means much more than the corruption they have got involved in.
Xi Jinping had no sooner been elected to the post
of General Secretary by the party's 18th National Congress than he declared war
on corruption. Shortly afterwards, following in the footsteps of Deng Xiaoping,
who made a tour of South China in 1992 calling for reform, Xi took a trip to
Guangdong. Anti-corruption and reform may therefore be regarded as the two main
themes of his administration.
As is well known, more than 30 years' reform and
opening up has given rise to a multitude of giant state-owned enterprises.
These enterprises have become vested interest groups which, concerned only with
their own interests, are opposed to further reform. Will China duplicate what
has happened in Russia, where a handful of people fill their own pockets with
state-owned assets? This is no longer a purely hypothetical question.
With the development of the economy over the past
many years, the CNPC has developed into a giant state-owned enterprise that
controls the supply of oil in China. The oil industry is as full of problems as
a hedgehog is of prickles, and Jiang and others in the top management have also
attracted lots of negative publicity.
While it is official corruption that has triggered
the CNPC shakeup, the many problems underlying the oil industry have served as
a hotbed for corruption. The industry will not see a new phase of development
unless the central government scales up its anti-corruption work.
The third plenary session of the 11th CCP Central
Committee held 35 years ago changed China's destiny by adopting the reform and opening-up
policy. The third plenary session of the 18th CCP Central Committee will be
held later this year. Over the past 35 years, China has achieved monumental
success through reform. But now, because of resistance from vested interest
groups, further reform has become quite impossible. Indeed, China's economic
system has descended into crony capitalism of the worst type, and it is highly questionable
whether the economy can continue to develop.
The ultimate solution to this problem is of course
reform of the political system. But if the time is not yet judged ripe for
political reform, the central government should, while dealing with corruption
cases in state-owned enterprises like the CNPC, avail itself
of the opportunity to reform the industries concerned. If the CNPC remains
unchanged after the obstacle to reform of the corporation and the industry has
been removed, the central government is to blame for not making good use of a
good opportunity.
明報社評 2013.09.03﹕石油幫涉貪落馬 習李應反腐改革並進
較早前4名中石油高層相繼捲入貪腐調查,已經哄動官商政界,到曾任中石油集團董事長的國務院國有資產管理監督委員會(國資委)主任蔣潔敏「涉嫌嚴重違紀」,加入受查行列,顯示中央的反貪力度非同小可。因為中石油這類超級國企,頭面人物都有後台。
以蔣潔敏為例,在石油系統工作逾四分之一世紀,與前任兩名政治局常委曾慶紅和周永康素有淵源,今年3月調任國資委主任之前,他實際上是石油幫的總管,十八大時又晉身中共中央委員,以蔣潔敏等人的背景和官商位階而出事,折射出來的意義,遠遠超過他們涉及的貪腐行為。
所周知, 30多年改革開放,打造出許多體積龐大的國有企業,現在的國企已經成為既得利益集團,只看到集團的利益,抗拒繼續深化改革,俄羅斯國有資產僅極少數人巧取豪奪而去的局面,會否在中國重現,已經成為現實問題。
歷年來,中石油隨中國經濟發展,這個控制中國能源供應的國企,已經發展成為一個巨大集團,這些年,石油系統問題罄竹難書,蔣潔敏與其他高層人物負面傳聞也不少。
今次中石油出事,雖云導火線是人員貪腐,不過,石油系統種種問題才是貪腐的深層原因,中央只要順勢而為,就可以使石油產業出現新局面。
35年前舉行11屆三中全會,確立改革開放路線,扭轉了中國的命運,今年稍後將舉行18屆三中全會,中國的改革在35年間取得了巨大成就,但是既得利益集團的抗拒,已經使改革難以推行下去,而現在的中國經濟體制運行發展至最劣質的「權貴資本主義」,經濟發展能否持續下去,已經是一大疑問。
根本解決之道,當然是改革政治體制,若仍然等待時機,則中央藉查辦個別國企(例如中石油)的貪腐事故,一併推行產業改革,是順理成章的事。若已經搬開了中石油和產業改革的絆腳石,而中石油依然故我,這是失時失策,不對也不應該。
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