2014年8月25日 星期一

擘劃一國兩制港人治港 政爭波濤洶湧說鄧小平

<轉載自2014825 明報 社評>

本月22日是鄧小平110周年冥誕,北京上星期以最高規格紀念這位一手揭櫫改革開放的中共領導人,紀念大會當日,中共中央政治局7名常委全數出席,黨總書記習近平發表長篇講話,從6個方面闡述鄧小平,包括信念堅定、熱愛人民、實事求是、開拓創新、戰略思維、坦蕩無私。中共對過世的領導人不多舉行紀念,至今仍然逢五逢十冥誕舉行活動的, 人們記憶當中只有毛澤東及鄧小平。

七常委參加紀念大會 六方面闡釋鄧小平

鄧小平最為人津津樂道的人生起伏是「三上三下」,在波譎雲詭的中共政治權鬥當中,鄧的政治人生堪稱折射出中共走過的曲折道路﹕他一度官至黨總書記,在文化大革命期間被打倒,指他是「中國的二號修正主義分子」(「一號」是劉少奇)以及「資產階級反動路線的總根子」。1970年代初,林彪在外蒙折戟沉沙命喪大漠,同一時間,文革狂即將摧國民經濟之際,鄧小平復出,身兼國務院副總理及總參謀長。1976年「四五」天安門事件後,鄧再被打倒,直至毛死後的1977年正式復出,隨即擘劃令中國出現翻天覆地巨變的改革開放政策。

對於鄧小平的評價,必須實事求是,這包括中國經濟發展的巨大成功,相比於1976年國民經濟瀕臨破產,今天中國經濟總量名列世界第二,起步點便是鄧主政年代的改革開放;但鄧也有1989年「六四」事件殘酷鎮壓民運的污點,客觀上令中國的全面民主之路無法邁步而出,一拖再拖,延宕至今,鄧的一生可說瑕瑜互見。然而於香港來說,這位中共領導人在歷史的千頭萬緒之間,成為香港命運主其事者之一,上世紀80年代香港前途問題熱議,當時中共的改革開放道路亦處於「摸石頭過河」,即使如此困難,鄧仍以高瞻遠矚的戰略視野,提出「一國兩制,港人治港,高度自治」12字方針,面對當時回歸議題下恐共畏共的香港社會心態。

如今回看,1980年代初中國大陸百廢待興,1979年人均GDP200多美元,遠遠落在香港之後,不過在此前幾年,香港巿民還把食油舊衣寄回家鄉接濟親友;政治上,香港社會相當部分人口是1949年內戰結束前後逃難南來的一群,對中共本無好感,準確來說,香港當時是反共城巿。然而鄧小平最終使香港社會接受「一國兩制,港人治港,高度自治」承諾,在最小的震盪下讓主權回歸。當今天香港的普選政改還未上路、北京對「一國兩制,港人治港,高度自治」的釋義出現質變,儘管如今內地經濟已非1984年簽署《中英聯合聲明》時期的荏弱,可卻缺乏鄧小平面對香港回歸時的胸襟與大氣,殊為可惜。

《老子》有云,「治大國若烹小鮮」,在香港問題的處理,1980年代的中共領導層,從鄧小平至胡耀邦趙紫陽俱見這種器度與氣魄。以今天成為特首普選死結的「國家安全」問題,當今中國面對的國際環境,比起當年的凶險仍有距離——1979年爆發的中越邊境戰爭,到1984年仍在犬牙交錯的山林繼續廝殺;蘇聯在中蘇、中蒙邊境陳兵百萬。當時的中越邊境戰爭是漫長而殘酷的;毛澤東所言「蘇修亡我之心不死」的蘇聯紅軍,背後是足以把中國從地圖抹去的核力量;美國尖端武器源源不絕輸往仍在高喊「反攻大陸」的台灣。但是當時中共在香港回歸議題上,極少提到推翻政權的「國家安全」,解放軍駐港也不過是體現主權的一種表述。

處理港事顯大氣魄 充分信任終順利回歸

當下香港風雨如晦,就普選的拗未有一刻休止,回歸17年,北京對香港的信任出現與回歸前甚至是1980年代的極大落差,這是令人慨然的走向。這種信任一旦失去,最有可能的變化是從此單邊行事,陽關道與獨木橋各走一條。缺了信任,改革開放初期,港商不可能在滿目水稻的珠三角投資設廠;缺了信任,中共不可能在英殖百年的香港實行主權回歸。如今「左」風當道,於經歷中英前途談判年代的香港巿民來說,難免懷緬昔日的12字回歸真言,那是務實主義的彰顯,意識形態的隱沒;鄧小平的「黑貓白貓,抓到老鼠就是好貓」,此時此刻憶起,尤覺珍貴。

Mastermind behind "one country, two systems"

THE TWENTY-SECOND of this month was the 110th anniversary of Deng Xiaoping's birth, and a top-class symposium was held last week in Beijing in memory of the leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) who single-handedly started the mainland's reform and opening-up.

This CPC leader became amid the intricacies of history one of those who were to seal Hong Kong's fate. The question of Hong Kong's future was heatedly discussed in the 1980s when the mainland pursued "reform and opening-up" cautiously like a person who "crosses the river feeling his way". Despite the difficulties, Deng, taking a broad and long-term strategic view, put forward the principle of giving Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy and allowing Hong Kong people to run Hong Kong under "one country, two systems" (the twelve-character handover incantation) in response to the fear of communism society harboured when Hong Kong's reversion to Chinese sovereignty was at issue.

Hong Kong was then an anti-communist city. However, Deng Xiaoping managed to have the community accept the "one country two systems, Hong Kong people running Hong Kong, a high degree of autonomy" pledge. Consequently, Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty with the least shock. Now in Hong Kong, constitutional reforms having to do with universal suffrage have yet to be carried out, but Beijing has adopted a "qualitatively different" interpretation of "one country two systems, Hong Kong people running Hong Kong, a high degree of autonomy". Though the mainland economy is no longer as weak as it was in 1984, when the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed, such boldness and large-mindedness as Deng Xiaoping displayed in dealing with Hong Kong's reversion to Chinese sovereignty can no longer be seen. That is indeed a pity.

"National security" is now a Gordian knot about electing the Chief Executive by universal suffrage. China's international environment is not as dangerous as it was then. In 1979, a border war broke out between China and Vietnam. Fighting continued in 1984 in thick forests along the zigzag border. One million Soviet Union troops lined the Sino-Soviet and Sino-Mongolian borders. The Sino-Vietnamese border war was cruel and protracted. Behind the Red Army of the Soviet Union, which Mao Zedong said "never gave up the idea of subjugating our country", was a nuclear capability sufficient to wipe China off the map. High-end weapons were incessantly shipped from the US to Taiwan, which kept yelling, "Counter-attack the mainland." Nevertheless, the CPC then rarely mentioned "national security" or "the subversion of state power" in dealing with Hong Kong's reversion to Chinese sovereignty. It was only to give expression to China's sovereignty over the territory that Beijing decided to have the People's Liberation Army garrison it.

Hong Kong now seems battered by wind and rain sweeping across a gloomy sky. Never has the row about universal suffrage ceased. It is seventeen years since Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty, but Beijing has now much less confidence in it than it did in the run-up to the handover or in the 1980s. This is a lamentable development. When such confidence evaporates, it will be the likeliest change that things will be done unilaterally - that one will take the wide and easy road and the other, cross the narrow log bridge. Now leftism is prevalent, citizens who witnessed the Sino-British talks on Hong Kong's future cannot help reminiscing about the "twelve-character handover incantation", which underscores pragmatism and obscures ideology. Deng Xiaoping said, "A cat is good that catches mice, be it black or white." This saying is particularly valuable when it again occurs to us now.

擘劃一國兩制港人治港 政爭波濤洶湧說鄧小平

本月22日是鄧小平110周年冥誕,北京上星期以最高規格紀念這位一手揭櫫改革開放的中共領導人。

這位中共領導人在歷史的千頭萬緒之間,成為香港命運主其事者之一,上世紀80年代香港前途問題熱議,當時中共的改革開放道路亦處於「摸石頭過河」,即使如此困難,鄧仍以高瞻遠矚的戰略視野,提出「一國兩制,港人治港,高度自治」12字方針,面對當時回歸議題下恐共畏共的香港社會心態。

香港當時是反共城巿。然而鄧小平最終使香港社會接受「一國兩制,港人治港,高度自治」承諾,在最小的震盪下讓主權回歸。當今天香港的普選政改還未上路、北京對「一國兩制,港人治港,高度自治」的釋義出現質變,儘管如今內地經濟已非1984年簽署《中英聯合聲明》時期的荏弱,可卻缺乏鄧小平面對香港回歸時的胸襟與大氣,殊為可惜。

以今天成為特首普選死結的「國家安全」問題,當今中國面對的國際環境,比起當年的凶險仍有距離——1979年爆發的中越邊境戰爭,到1984年仍在犬牙交錯的山林繼續廝殺;蘇聯在中蘇、中蒙邊境陳兵百萬。當時的中越邊境戰爭是漫長而殘酷的;毛澤東所言「蘇修亡我之心不死」的蘇聯紅軍,背後是足以把中國從地圖抹去的核力量;美國尖端武器源源不絕輸往仍在高喊「反攻大陸」的台灣。但是當時中共在香港回歸議題上,極少提到推翻政權的「國家安全」,解放軍駐港也不過是體現主權的一種表述。


當下香港風雨如晦,就普選的拗未有一刻休止,回歸17年,北京對香港的信任出現與回歸前甚至是1980年代的極大落差,這是令人慨然的走向。這種信任一旦失去,最有可能的變化是從此單邊行事,陽關道與獨木橋各走一條。如今「左」風當道,於經歷中英前途談判年代的香港巿民來說,難免懷緬昔日的12字回歸真言,那是務實主義的彰顯,意識形態的隱沒;鄧小平的「黑貓白貓,抓到老鼠就是好貓」,此時此刻憶起,尤覺珍貴。

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