<轉載自2018年11月5日 明報 社評>
首屆中國國際進口博覽會5日揭幕，這是一場全球首次最大規模的進口博覽會，不但有商品與服務產品的交易，也有參展國家的投資環境博覽，而且由於有多國元首出席，而成為中國另一場主場外交的盛會。主辦這次博覽會起意於去年5月，所以並非應對貿易戰的措施，而是對外展示中國進一步改革開放形象的戰略，將會改變世界貿易格局。這次博覽會選址上海，是否意味着今後中國經濟發展的重心轉移，也值得探討。
今年是中國改革開放40周年，如何推進深化改革開放，不但要有口頭上的承諾，還要看實際的行動，從全國進出口貿易總額的數字看，去年出口15.33萬億元人民幣；進口12.46萬億元，出口仍然大於進口而順差近3萬億元，但出口增長10.8%，進口增長20.9%，順差收窄了14.2%，按照這個趨勢，或許有一天會達到進出口平衡，甚至進口大於出口，中國對外宣布並非追求貿易順差賺取外匯的說法，就會成為現實。
中國在過去40年，初而依靠出口低級產品和天然資源，轉變到進口科技半製成品進行裝配加工，再出口大型科技產品，逐步轉型。出口積累了對外貿易的經驗，從中改善產品質量以及改進了管理的水平，同時也為國家賺取外匯資本，成為世界第一大外匯儲備國，國家、企業和老百姓都有餘錢，造就了市場的快速擴大，而今中國市場已經到了「大到不能倒」（too big to fail）的地步，是時候由過去單純的「賣賣賣」，轉變到在出口的同時，也要「買買買」，進口博覽會的出現，由此應運而生。
「走出去」變「引進來」 彰顯實力須有大國風範
中國市場不容忽視，這次參展的國家與企業數量達到空前規模，3600多個企業來上海，賣消費品諸如汽車和高檔健康產品的有之；賣大型機牀和高端裝備的有之；也有推銷服務，諸如會計公司的數碼化管理系統，以及航空公司的貴賓休息室；更有來「湊熱鬧」的，諸如國際米蘭足球隊。這些參展企業是否能夠取得短期的購買訂單，或者推銷產品質量形象謀取長期合作計劃，有待博覽會結束以後「埋單計數」，中國為準備這次超級博覽會，組織了大量買家到場，省市為單位的採購團39個，央企及屬下公司1400家單位有1.7萬人報名參加。
中國要增加進口的信號愈來愈強烈，也有逐年遞增的市場數據支持，這種市場力量成為國力的資本，國家領導人出訪主要大國，都會攜帶大型採購團助威，而今以主辦進口博覽會的形式，將採購團「走出去」改變為把銷售團「引進來」，同時利用這個外交本錢邀請外國元首前來助興，成為今年主場外交的另一傑作。這次來華參加進口博覽會的國際領導人不算多，只有8個國家的元首和10個國家的總理，原因可能跟首次有關，同時也有美國因素作梗，在特朗普「突然」與習近平通電話商議本月底會晤之前，美國高調抵制進口博覽會，影響到G7的國家無一到場，連韓國也臨時降低參加官員的級別。
選址上海盛况空前 粵港澳勿妒忌要振作
利用「買方市場」作為外交活動，跟改革開放40周年有關，中國利用進口博覽會的「盛會」來宣示自由貿易和多邊貿易體制的主張，是適逢其會，然而，同時一定會給人一種財大氣粗的印象。有實力要顯示並且加以利用無可厚非，但必須避免腰纏萬貫就了不起，甚至沾沾自喜而令人難堪的氣焰。中國的遊客到國外購買商品，屢屢表現出「身無長物只有錢」的囂張嘴臉，個人的行為有待長期的文明素養積累而改變，但作為國家，必須要有泱泱大國的風範，要做到老子有錢但也尊重人家的尊嚴，主場的博覽會應該在這方面有所體現。
這次博覽會本身或者主場外交將會取得什麼成績，有待觀之。主辦單位已經宣布第二屆進口博覽會的參展情况。舉辦進口博覽會將會成為新常態，引人注意的是進口博覽會選址上海。
中國出口商品交易會1957年在廣州首次舉行，至今已經有半個多世紀，廣交會當年的盛况，香港商人歷歷在目，但隨着中國依賴出口的時代逐步轉型，也毋須依賴唯一的「南大門」，各省市各自有出口渠道，同時貿易的形式轉向網上交易，毋須供需見面場所，當年廣交會期間酒店可以坐地起價3倍，直通車一票難求，已成絕響。而今進口博覽會在上海舉行，盛况空前，廣東以至香港需要對此加以檢討。
國家選擇上海作為進口博覽會的城市，跟長江三角洲的市場龐大有關，但是否意味着國家將今後的經濟發展重心轉向華東，耐人尋味。粵港澳大灣區剛剛起步，廣東與香港在哪些領域可以當龍頭還在絮絮不休，三地必須及時探究上海之所以成為長三角龍頭，天時地利人和的種種因素都是什麼，將粵港之間的矛盾因素消弭，將有利因素積極運用，不能嫉妒人家的輝煌而喪氣，要有大踏步向前邁進的勇氣和信心，把大灣區經濟協調發展、共同繁榮作為目標。
China International Import Expo
THE first China International Import Expo opened on 5th November. This
is the world's first largest import expo. Not only is there trading of goods
and services, but there is also an exhibition of the investment environments of
participating countries. Furthermore, as the expo will be attended by the heads
of many countries, it will be another grand diplomatic event that China plays
host to. The idea of organising the expo originated in May last year. In other
words, it is not a countermeasure against the trade war, but is rather an
attempt to showcase the fact that China's strategy of pursuing further reform
and opening up will change the world trade order. Whether the choice of
Shanghai for the expo signifies the shift of focus in China's future economic
development also provides food for thought.
This year marks the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening up.
How to deepen the reform and opening up requires not only verbal promises but
also real action. According to figures of the country's total imports and
exports, China exported goods worth 15.33 trillion yuan last year, while the
imports amounted to 12.46 trillion yuan. In other words, there was a trade
surplus of nearly 3 trillion yuan. However, exports rose by 10.8%, and imports,
by 20.9%. So the trade surplus shrunk by 14.2%. If that trend continues,
perhaps one day China will achieve trade balance or even have a larger amount
of imports than exports. China's assertion that it is not pursuing trade
surpluses to earn foreign exchanges will become a fact.
Over the past 40 years, China has embarked on a road of gradual
transformation. It first relied on the export of low-grade goods and natural
resources, before it started to import technological semi-finished products and
package and process them. It then began to export huge technological products.
Through the export of goods it gained experience in foreign trade, enhanced the
quality of its products and management, and earned foreign exchanges for the
country. It has become the country with world's biggest reserves of foreign
exchanges, with the country, enterprises and the people having money to spare.
This has caused the rapid expansion of the market, so much so the Chinese market
is now "too big to fail". While in the past it was all about
"selling, selling and selling", it is now about "buying, buying
and buying" as well even when it is exporting. The Import Expo has come
about against such a backdrop.
Our country has chosen Shanghai as the city to host the Import Expo.
This is related to the huge market of the Yangtze River Delta. However, it is
thought-provoking whether the focus of the country's economic development will
shift to Eastern China. The Greater Bay Area encompassing Guangdong, Hong Kong
and Macao is in an initial stage, and there is a lot of babbling about in what
areas Guangdong and Hong Kong can be the leader. These regions should
immediately investigate why Shanghai is the leader of the Yangtze River Delta,
and how time and geographical or human factors were behind that. It is
necessary to mitigate the conflicts between Guangdong and Hong Kong and make
good use of the advantages. We cannot let our spirits sink because of jealousy
of others' success. We ought to have the courage and confidence to march
forward towards the goal of coordinated economic development of the Greater Bay
Area and prosperity as a whole.
劃時代進口博覽會 改變國際國內格局
首屆中國國際進口博覽會5日揭幕，這是一場全球首次最大規模的進口博覽會，不但有商品與服務產品的交易，也有參展國家的投資環境博覽，而且由於有多國元首出席，而成為中國另一場主場外交的盛會。主辦這次博覽會起意於去年5月，所以並非應對貿易戰的措施，而是對外展示中國進一步改革開放形象的戰略，將會改變世界貿易格局。這次博覽會選址上海，是否意味着今後中國經濟發展的重心轉移，也值得探討。
今年是中國改革開放40周年，如何推進深化改革開放，不但要有口頭上的承諾，還要看實際的行動，從全國進出口貿易總額的數字看，去年出口15.33萬億元人民幣；進口12.46萬億元，出口仍然大於進口而順差近3萬億元，但出口增長10.8%，進口增長20.9%，順差收窄了14.2%，按照這個趨勢，或許有一天會達到進出口平衡，甚至進口大於出口，中國對外宣布並非追求貿易順差賺取外匯的說法，就會成為現實。
中國在過去40年，初而依靠出口低級產品和天然資源，轉變到進口科技半製成品進行裝配加工，再出口大型科技產品，逐步轉型。出口積累了對外貿易的經驗，從中改善產品質量以及改進了管理的水平，同時也為國家賺取外匯資本，成為世界第一大外匯儲備國，國家、企業和老百姓都有餘錢，造就了市場的快速擴大，而今中國市場已經到了「大到不能倒」（too big to fail）的地步，是時候由過去單純的「賣賣賣」，轉變到在出口的同時，也要「買買買」，進口博覽會的出現，由此應運而生。
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