<轉載自2018年11月26日 明報 社評>
全國經濟有下行壓力，廣東經濟也不能獨善其身，特別是民營企業，它們先天條件不如國企央企，要面對國際和國內市場的壓力，猶如雪上加霜。中央對此已經頒布了輔助措施，廣東也實施了「民營經濟十條」，然而，必須認識到一點，過去廣東民營企業蓬勃發展，得益於市場環境的寬鬆，而今民營企業要向高產值和高科技方向發展，單是改善市場環境已經不足以成為促進因素，更加需要在政策上加以引導和扶持，才能讓民營經濟更上層樓，為廣東和國家的經濟做出更大貢獻。
民營經濟十條 老方法對付老問題嫌不足
廣東民營經濟對全省經濟增長貢獻率達到54%，為全省提供就業崗位40%，稅收一半以上來自民營企業。廣東的多項經濟指標都排在全國首位，廣東有任何風吹草動，都會影響全國，而民營經濟又是廣東經濟的風向標，廣東的民營企業家遇到困難，全國的企業家日子也不會好過。廣東經濟在改革開放40年得以長足發展，主要是依靠提供寬鬆的經營環境，在市場和利益驅動下，企業家自然會想出盈利的法子，然而，政府少管或者不管形成粗放型和沒有秩序的發展，同時又成為企業抵禦外部環境變化的弱點，近年工資、土地、稅收和利息成本不斷上升，好不容易贏得的世界工廠美名逐漸失色，加上中美貿易戰帶來不確定的因素增加，加速了製造業的外遷，廣東的出口貿易在全國舉足輕重，但今年頭10個月，增長率只有2.4%，而且還有4個月是負增長，民營企業家首當其衝。
政府對此並非無動於中，本月初召開的廣東民營企業家座談會上，省政府宣布推出「民營經濟十條」的實惠措施，包括降低工業用電和天然氣收費，還承諾降低工業土地價格和社保徵費，總體來說是為企業降低成本。在全國範圍，雖然民營經濟佔生產總值的六成，但民營企業貸款只佔25%，針對民營企業貸款難的老問題，國家也承諾改善。然而，這些措施都是以老方法對付老問題，能否即時奏效還要看執行落實的情况，而能否保證支持民營企業可持續發展，則是更大的問題。
廣東寬鬆的營商環境，吸引本地和外來的投資者興辦企業，全國8300萬家民營企業和個體工商戶，廣東一省就佔了1000萬家。有一種說法，廣東人口1億1000萬，也就是說，11個人裏頭有一個是老闆，這是匡算，因為很多老闆一個人擁有多家企業，但也能說明廣東民營經濟的蓬勃。雖然如此，今年公布的世界500強企業中，中國民營企業佔了28家，但廣東只有8家民營企業上榜，說明廣東的民企是量多但規模不大。
從這個角度看，政府出台的扶持政策仍然立足於減費減稅以降低成本壓力，是可以幫助中小企的，即使如此，政府稅收增長率仍然高於經濟增長率，說明政府在這方面仍然有很大的空間，今年頭三季度，廣東經濟增長率6.9%，而稅收增長率是9.7%。然而，在經濟轉型的大格局下，勞動密集型企業逐步淡出舞台，高科技和資本密集型企業逐步走向舞台中央，如何引導與扶持企業轉型，以及制定有利於大企業發展的長遠政策，就更形重要。
積極保護利益引領壯大 真正待民企「自己人」
華為、正威國際、恒大、美的、騰訊、碧桂園、雪松控股，這些躋身500強的民營企業當中，有傳統的地產發展商和製造業，也有從製造業擴展成綜合多元發展的企業，但更值得注意的是華為和騰訊等高科技企業，這些代表未來發展方向的新經濟企業之所以一日千里，其自身重視研發和創新，不在話下，但政府在保護知識產權和商標等方面，以鼓勵這些企業投放更多的資金與精力在研發方面，值得檢討。廣東省比其他省份也有「走前一步」的做法，是每年舉辦兩次高層次民營企業家座談會，由省長親自聆聽企業家的訴求，如果政府盡量聽取企業家的意見與建議，從善如流，當然是好事，但政府更需要做的是，主動積極制定保護企業家利益和鼓勵企業在投資的政策與措施，而不是作為「反應式」的對待。
大企業進一步發展，代表着一個省份和國家的實力，但可持續發展的理論是，讓更多企業可以從小變大，使大企業的數量從少變多。政府在採購方面對民企的產品，如何做到公平對待，是投資者信心的源泉，這次「民營經濟十條」當中，提出為民企產品在認證方面提供協助，只是公平競爭的第一步。在人才培育方面，民營企業家多是白手興家，對於現代管理、策略制定、品牌經營以至運用人力資源手段等等方面，往往都未能適應企業壯大以後的轉型，政府過去忽視了這方面的工作，今後應該加強，讓民營企業家拓寬視野、提高管理水準，民營企業才可以向高增值和高科技轉型。
國家主席習近平在北京召開座談會，高調宣布民營企業家是「自己人」，廣東高層也蕭規曹隨，召開座談會，並頒布新政策，希望這不只是回應中央的做法，而是真正的待民營企業家為「自己人」，引領他們轉型、壯大，為廣東的經濟添磚加瓦。
Private enterprises in Guangdong need to go further
THE Chinese economy is under downward pressure, and the Guangdong
economy cannot help but be affected by this. Pressure from both the
international and domestic markets is adding to the plight of private
enterprises in particular, as they are by nature in a less favourable position
compared to state enterprises. In view of this, the central government has
announced measures to help private enterprises, while the Guangdong authorities
have also implemented "Ten measures for the private enterprise economy".
But it has to be recognised that the boom of private enterprises in Guangdong
in the past was a result of a market largely free of restrictions. As private
enterprises now have to develop towards high output value and high technology,
the improvement of market conditions alone can no longer be a causative factor.
It is the government's guidance and support through policies that they are more
in want of, as such policies are the only thing that can take the private
enterprise economy to a new stage so that it can contribute even more to
Guangdong's and China's economies.
Private enterprises account for 54% of the whole province's economic
growth and supply 40% of the jobs in the province. They also pay more than half
of the province's taxes. Guangdong is at the top of the country's many economic
indicators. If anything untoward happens to Guangdong, the repercussions will
be felt nationwide. And the private enterprise economy is the bellwether of the
Guangdong economy. A hard time for private entrepreneurs in Guangdong will not
bode well for entrepreneurs across the nation. That the Guangdong economy has
been able to develop so rapidly since Reform and Opening Up was launched 40
years ago was mainly attributable to a business environment largely free of
restrictions. Driven by the market and gains, entrepreneurs, quite naturally,
came up with ways to generate profits. However, the insufficiency or absence of
government supervision has resulted in a kind of development that has been
rough and disorderly, and this has become a weakness of the corporations when
they try to stave off changes in the external circumstances. The continued
rises in wages, land prices, tax revenues and interest costs are gradually
taking the lustre off the hard-won reputation as the world's factory, while the
trade war between China and the US has increased the uncertainties and
precipitated the exodus of the manufacturing industry. Export trade in
Guangdong, which is of great importance to the whole country, grew by just 2.4%
in the first ten months of this year with four months of negative growth. It is
private entrepreneurs that have taken the brunt of the situation.
The government did not respond to this with inaction. In the forum of
Guangdong private entrepreneurs convened early this month, the provincial
government announced "Ten measures for the private enterprise
economy", which include lowering electricity and natural gas charges for
industrial use and the promise to lower the cost of land for industrial use and
social security charges. All in all, the measures are intended to lower
operating costs for corporations. While the private enterprise economy accounts
for 60% of the nation's GDP, they constitute just 25% of the borrowings
nationwide. The national government has also promised to tackle the
long-standing difficulty faced by private enterprises trying to get a loan.
After President Xi Jinping convened a forum in Beijing and declared in a
high-profile manner that private entrepreneurs are "on our side",
leaders of the Guangdong government have followed suit by convening a forum as
well and announcing new measures. It is hoped that all this is not just a response
to what the central government has done, but in fact shows that the Guangdong
government truly treats private entrepreneurs as those "on its side"
and will steer them through transformation and growth so as to give a new
impetus to the Guangdong economy.
廣東民企要更上層樓 新時代需新政策扶持
全國經濟有下行壓力，廣東經濟也不能獨善其身，特別是民營企業，它們先天條件不如國企央企，要面對國際和國內市場的壓力，猶如雪上加霜。中央對此已經頒布了輔助措施，廣東也實施了「民營經濟十條」，然而，必須認識到一點，過去廣東民營企業蓬勃發展，得益於市場環境的寬鬆，而今民營企業要向高產值和高科技方向發展，單是改善市場環境已經不足以成為促進因素，更加需要在政策上加以引導和扶持，才能讓民營經濟更上層樓，為廣東和國家的經濟做出更大貢獻。
廣東民營經濟對全省經濟增長貢獻率達到54%，為全省提供就業崗位40%，稅收一半以上來自民營企業。廣東的多項經濟指標都排在全國首位，廣東有任何風吹草動，都會影響全國，而民營經濟又是廣東經濟的風向標，廣東的民營企業家遇到困難，全國的企業家日子也不會好過。廣東經濟在改革開放40年得以長足發展，主要是依靠提供寬鬆的經營環境，在市場和利益驅動下，企業家自然會想出盈利的法子，然而，政府少管或者不管形成粗放型和沒有秩序的發展，同時又成為企業抵禦外部環境變化的弱點，近年工資、土地、稅收和利息成本不斷上升，好不容易贏得的世界工廠美名逐漸失色，加上中美貿易戰帶來不確定的因素增加，加速了製造業的外遷，廣東的出口貿易在全國舉足輕重，但今年頭10個月，增長率只有2.4%，而且還有4個月是負增長，民營企業家首當其衝。
政府對此並非無動於中，本月初召開的廣東民營企業家座談會上，省政府宣布推出「民營經濟十條」的實惠措施，包括降低工業用電和天然氣收費，還承諾降低工業土地價格和社保徵費，總體來說是為企業降低成本。在全國範圍，雖然民營經濟佔生產總值的六成，但民營企業貸款只佔25%，針對民營企業貸款難的老問題，國家也承諾改善。
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