<轉載自2018年2月1日 明報 社評>
美國總統特朗普發表國情咨文,認為中國、俄羅斯不僅挑戰美國經濟和利益,還挑戰美國的價值觀,折射刻下美國以至西方世界愈益認為,中國崛起不僅衝擊國際政經秩序,還開始動搖200多年來西方文明主導全球的優勢。中國向全球投射硬實力和軟實力,昔日美國在中國家門前施展的圍堵策略,已不太管用。為此美國與西方盟友似乎正在調整策略,除了繼續倚重傳統軍事外交手段對華「硬圍堵」,亦愈益重視「軟圍堵」等其他方式,遏阻中國向外投射影響力。
「中國挑戰美價值觀」國情咨文冷戰味濃
美國前總統小布殊和奧巴馬發表國情咨文,常視中俄為戰略競爭對手,可是鮮有將中俄形容為「美國價值觀」的威脅。今次特朗普的說法,強調意識形態對立,冷戰思維強烈。最近華府先後發表《國家安全戰略報告》及《國防戰略報告》,均指中俄試圖挑戰美國地位,對美威脅超過恐怖主義,美國需要與中俄合作,更需要擴軍應付這兩個對手。特朗普國情咨文對中俄着墨不多,惟思路卻與兩份報告甚為一致。
眼下國際社會最關心的,是中美會否爆發大規模貿易戰。近日美國宣布對太陽能電池板徵收懲罰關稅,矛頭直指中國,隱然為中美貿易戰打響第一槍,然而美國對華貿易逆差巨大,牽涉複雜結構因素,大打貿易戰於事無補,更可能兩敗俱傷。中美經貿博弈,貿易戰是施壓手段而不是目的,特朗普亦未必願意看到貿易戰傷及己身。
看待當前中美經貿博弈,需要放在美國應對中國崛起的歷史大框架思考。中國崛起搖撼近300年東西方格局,西方可以接受中國成為區域大國,卻不願見到中國成為世界頭號大國,改寫西方主導世界的格局。隨着中國邁向建設社會主義強國的發展新階段,西方擔心失去主導世界地位,應對策略自然亦要進入新階段,以往圍堵中國的戰略亦需調整。
1990年代初,西方以一系列軍事外交部署和制裁圍堵中國。借用美國學者約瑟夫·奈(Joseph Nye)的概念,當年西方靠的是典型硬實力(Hard
Power)壓制手段,謀求將中國侷促一隅。可是過去20多年中國發展快速,影響力放射全球,遠超西方想像。美國拉攏東南亞制華策略無果,所謂「第一島鏈」也再封鎖不了中國。「一帶一路」倡議,不僅可能改寫國際政經秩序,也是中國投射硬實力和軟實力(Soft Power)的機會。
硬實力以強力令人屈服,軟實力則以攻心為主,透過吸引的論述和形象,令別人心悅誠服。西方一向認為中國軟實力薄弱,然而在很多發展中國家眼中,「中國模式成功」的論述,正是當前中國軟實力所在。過去「中國製造」常被譏為次貨,可是隨着中國走出「世界工廠」發展階段,推動產業升級,不少「中國製造」在西方已洗脫污名,成為中國軟實力新本錢,華府報告甚至承認中國在人工智能、5G科技有力領導全球。
中國崛起邁新階段 西方調整圍堵策略
時移世易,美國和盟友單靠傳統硬圍堵作用有限,需要更多手段。西方圍堵攻勢,慣用經濟制裁,可是面對中國崛起,西方現在還要以守為攻,趨勢之一是以國家安全之名,封殺中國產品和企業,華為即屬一例。以往西方常指控華為涉助中國竊取機密,可是現今華為無論在手機和通訊科技都名列前茅,既先進又便宜。最近華府阻止華為在美國出售新手機,甚至考慮破例由政府牽頭研究5G網絡,力求追上中國,向發展中國家輸出美國5G網絡、抗衡「一帶一路」,突顯華府認為需要以更多手段遏制中國影響力。德法意提出遏制中資在歐洲的收購熱潮,亦反映相類思路。
經濟封殺是強制手段,理論上仍屬於硬圍堵。為了反制中國冒升中的軟實力,西方似乎亦有意加強「軟圍堵」輿論戰,務求令各國民眾對於中國的軟實力和正面論述,產生懷疑和抗拒。最近西方政界學界不少人談論「銳實力」(Sharp Power),認為中俄正打資訊戰,以不光彩手段左右外國輿論,影響西方以至其他國家對中俄的觀感,若說軟實力是透過理念游說別人,銳實力則是以造謠詐騙手法蒙蔽別人。然而「銳實力」概念不過是新瓶舊酒。奈教授指出,它其實是「硬實力」的一種,早在冷戰時代美蘇都有運用,以不實論述「蠱惑」人心。
10多年前小布殊呼籲國際支持攻打伊拉克,便顯然耍了不少「銳實力」手段,使用銳實力,肯定不是中俄專利。現在西方一些論者高談中俄運用「銳實力」,不過是想強調「中俄說的是大話,我們說的才是真相」,歸根究柢就是國際話語權之爭,潛台詞是渲染中俄威脅論,討論銳實力,結果變成了對中俄「軟圍堵」輿論戰的一部分。近日有西方媒體高談,中國假意助非洲聯盟興建總部,實際暗搞竊聽,是耶非耶無從判斷,惟類似旨在打擊中國形象、拖「一帶一路」後腿的論述,未來勢必愈來愈多。
US's hard and soft containment
IN delivering his State of the Union speech, US president Donald Trump
expressed his view that China and Russia had challenged not only America's
economy and its interests but also its values. That shows the US and the rest
of the West increasingly consider now China's rise has not only marred the
world's politico-economic order but also begun to undermine the advantage with
which Western civilisation has over the past two hundred years dominated the
globe. As China projects its hard power and soft power globally, the
containment strategy the US used to employ at China's door no longer works.
Because of this, the US and its Western allies seem to be readjusting their
strategies. Apart from continuing to rely on conventional military and
diplomatic means to effect "hard containment" against China, they
have attached greater and greater importance to "soft containment"
and other means with a view to preventing China from projecting out its
influence.
In the early 1990s, the West contained China by means of a series of
military and diplomatic deployments and sanctions. Applying the idea of Joseph
Nye, a US academic, one may say the West then relied on typical hard-power
repressive means in its attempt to corner China. However, having rapidly
developed over the past two decades, China now projects its influence to all
parts of the globe. That is far beyond the West's imagination. Not only may the
"One Belt One Road" Initiative change the international politico-economic
order, but it also gives China an opportunity to project its hard power and
soft power.
To use hard power is to coerce others into submission. Soft power is
mainly used to win hearts—to convince others with attractive expositions and an
appealing image. The West has all along thought China weak in soft power.
However, in the eyes of many developing countries, it is in expositions of the
"the success of the China model", that China's soft power lies.
The West habitually uses economic sanctions in its containment
offensives. Faced with China's rise, the West still has to use defence as a
means of offence. There is a trend towards blocking Chinese products and
businesses in the name of national security. Coercive in nature, economic
blocking is theoretically a means of "hard containment". To counter
China's soft power, which is growing, the West seems minded to step up its
"soft containment" war of public opinion so that people in various
countries will become doubtful about and averse to China's soft power and its
positive expositions. Many Western academics and politicians have recently
talked about "sharp power", saying China and Russia are waging
information wars and resorting to ignominious means to affect public opinions
in other countries and influence Western and other countries' perceptions of
China and Russia. If to use soft power is to persuade others with ideas, to use
sharp power is to hoodwink with rumours and lies.
George W Bush obviously used a great deal of "sharp power"
ten-odd years ago when he called on other countries to support America's attack
against Iraq. The use of sharp power is definitely not exclusive to China and
Russia. When they talk volubly about China and Russia using "sharp
power", certain Western commentators just try to emphasise "what
China and Russia say is lies and what we say is truths". In the final
analysis, it is a struggle for say in the world.
遏阻中國國力投射 美國對華軟硬圍堵
美國總統特朗普發表國情咨文,認為中國、俄羅斯不僅挑戰美國經濟和利益,還挑戰美國的價值觀,折射刻下美國以至西方世界愈益認為,中國崛起不僅衝擊國際政經秩序,還開始動搖200多年來西方文明主導全球的優勢。中國向全球投射硬實力和軟實力,昔日美國在中國家門前施展的圍堵策略,已不太管用。為此美國與西方盟友似乎正在調整策略,除了繼續倚重傳統軍事外交手段對華「硬圍堵」,亦愈益重視「軟圍堵」等其他方式,遏阻中國向外投射影響力。
1990年代初,西方以一系列軍事外交部署和制裁圍堵中國。借用美國學者約瑟夫·奈(Joseph Nye)的概念,當年西方靠的是典型硬實力(Hard
Power)壓制手段,謀求將中國侷促一隅。可是過去20多年中國發展快速,影響力放射全球,遠超西方想像。「一帶一路」倡議,不僅可能改寫國際政經秩序,也是中國投射硬實力和軟實力(Soft Power)的機會。
硬實力以強力令人屈服,軟實力則以攻心為主,透過吸引的論述和形象,令別人心悅誠服。西方一向認為中國軟實力薄弱,然而在很多發展中國家眼中,「中國模式成功」的論述,正是當前中國軟實力所在。
西方圍堵攻勢,慣用經濟制裁,可是面對中國崛起,西方現在還要以守為攻,趨勢之一是以國家安全之名,封殺中國產品和企業。經濟封殺是強制手段,理論上仍屬於硬圍堵。為了反制中國冒升中的軟實力,西方似乎亦有意加強「軟圍堵」輿論戰,務求令各國民眾對於中國的軟實力和正面論述,產生懷疑和抗拒。最近西方政界學界不少人談論「銳實力」(Sharp Power),認為中俄正打資訊戰,以不光彩手段左右外國輿論,影響西方以至其他國家對中俄的觀感,若說軟實力是透過理念游說別人,銳實力則是以造謠詐騙手法蒙蔽別人。
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