2018年2月27日 星期二

撤國家主席任期上限 勾起終身制誤國憂疑

<轉載自2018227 明報 社評>

中共中央建議修憲,刪除國家主席「連續任職不得超過兩屆」的限制,惹來不少非議。雖然取消任期限制,不等於重返終身制舊路,然而有關改動亦意味,習近平有生之年永任國家主席,並非不可能。取消國家主席任期限制,也許可以讓習近平有更多時間和政治能量,克服改革阻力,實現「中國夢」宏圖,惟這次改動難免勾起毛澤東時代專斷獨裁誤國的回憶。過去20多年實踐證明,任期制度的確立,令到中國權力交接相對平穩,一套行之有效的機制,不應輕易改變。

共識決策廢終身制 防範一人獨裁重臨

今次修憲建議令習近平可以繼續連任國家主席,不少外媒即時聯想到俄羅斯總統普京,惟兩者的差異必須說明。普京自2000年正式就任總統後,實際掌權至今,主要是利用憲法「漏洞」﹕俄國憲法禁止總統三連任,卻沒有說過總統落台後不可「回朝」,普京遂於20082012年間,跟親信梅德韋杰夫來一招「總統總理崗位互換」。普京的權力基礎,並非來自一個強而有力的執政黨,而是來自總統一職所操控的巨大權力,以及寡頭精英的合作。從這個角度看,普京確是「當代沙皇」。

相比之下,習近平權力來源有所不同。刻下中國政治制度,國家主席實權有限,出任黨總書記或中央軍委主席,才是真正權力來源。當年鄧小平身為軍委會主席,毋須擔任國家主席甚或黨總書記,一樣是國家最高領導人。中共歷史中,實際最高領導人和名義最高領導人不一,並非罕見;「沙皇普京」的經驗亦說明,要掌握實權,不一定需要修憲消除任期限制。當今中國民智已開,就算有人想搞毛澤東式個人崇拜,也不可能成功,遑論「復辟帝制」。

取消國家主席任期,是中國政治制度建設的一次倒退。毛澤東時代的個人獨裁歲月,禍害千千萬萬國民,不少中共領導人也深受其害,堂堂國家主席可以冤死獄中。鄧小平上台後,決意改革管治制度,黨內決策過程強調共識,同時又建立一套內部制約較強的權力分佈體制,以防再有另一個毛澤東出現。鄧小平還親口表示,從他開始,中共最高領導職務終身制實際廢除。文革帶來十年浩劫,鄧小平的改革,回應了人民意願和時代呼喚,不應輕易變更。

當然,近10多年中共共識政治也衍生了一些弊端。改革開放後,中國表面上雖然奉行中央集權,惟其實亦是一個高度下放權力的國家,「上有政策下有對策」情况普遍,權力分佈碎片化,結黨營私者眾, 形成不少既得利益集團,黨內共識政治反而成為了不同利益集團的保護傘,甚至連最高領導人也受到掣肘,妨礙經濟轉型深化改革。由大力反腐到確立「習核心」,習近平的思路似乎是要強化管治,打破改革阻力,以求實現其民族復興「中國夢」,在20202035年間實現「社會主義現代化」,並於本世紀中葉成為社會主義強國,然而習近平集權之勢日益加強,亦的確令人擔心中國政治走回個人專斷獨裁舊路。

英國《金融時報》談到,習近平首個5年任期,很多艱難的金融和經濟改革並未能有效開展。也許習近平希望有更多時間落實宏圖,希望加強改革力度,惟這亦意味黨內共識政治要讓路,習近平將愈益主導黨內決策,黨內決策有可能變得一言堂。消除國家主席任期,可以令到習近平名正言順繼續主政,毋須「垂簾聽政」,令一些既得利益集團難以挑戰。有關改變,對於深化經濟改革或許有好處,然而卻可能犧牲了政治權力交替的穩定性。鄧小平廢除終身制,這些年實踐下來,證明有效,消除了權力更迭引致政局不穩之疑慮,現在修憲撤去國家主席任期上限,如何確保日後權力更迭可以做到穩定,是中共需要回答的問題。

任期限制行之有效 貿然改動恐留後患

在很多國家,國家領導人任期都是經常惹來議論的題目,例如美國便不時有學者討論,總統任期應否只限兩任。美國憲法原本沒有限制總統任期,直至1947年通過憲法第22修正案,才規定最多兩任。儘管自開國總統華盛頓以來,便有「限於兩任」的不成文規定,惟歷史資料顯示,多名總統均試過尋求延任,只是並不成功,唯一例外是羅斯福。1932年羅斯福當選美國總統,推出「新政」令國家走出大蕭條。按不成文規定,羅斯福應於1940年下台,惟當時二次大戰爆發不久,美國政界出現一股聲音,認為國家正處關鍵時刻,需要維持最高領導的延續性,結果羅斯福合共四度連任,直至1945年過身。然而必須指出的是,羅斯福每次都是獲選民授權續任;美國奉行三權分立,憲法亦設下了很多權力制衡機制。相比之下,中國政治制度內的權力監督機制便薄弱得多,這亦是外界關注習近平可以不受10年任期限制的根源。

無可否認,中國現時處於改革攻堅關鍵時刻,強人政治有助國策方針延續性,然而絕對權力使人絕對腐化,強人政治可以相當危險。美國第30任總統柯立芝(任期19231929年)說過,身居政府高位者,很難避免自我陶醉弊病,總統終日活於吹捧諂媚氣氛之中,早晚會影響判斷,變得粗心自負;中國數千年歷史亦說明,就算賢君聖主,長年在位也容易糊塗犯錯。近年中共常強調要有制度自信、文化自信,毋須抄襲西方政治制度。中共希望透過國家監察委員會等制度,實現自我監督、自我完善,成效如何有待觀察,可是領導人任期制度,正是源於中共自身的慘痛經驗而得出,貿然改動一套行之有效的制度,恐留下深遠後患。

Misgivings about lifelong tenure

THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE of the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s proposal to abolish the presidential term limit that the president "shall serve no more than two consecutive terms" set out in the constitution has met with a lot of criticisms. Even though abolishing the term limits does not necessarily mean reviving the old practice of lifelong tenure, the change does imply that it is not impossible that Xi Jinping will be the president as long as he lives. Abolishing the presidential term limits may give Xi more time and political clout to overcome obstacles to reform and to carry out his grand plan to fulfil the "Chinese dream". However, the change inevitably brings back memories of the national calamity during Mao Zedong's dictatorial rule. The experience of more than twenty years has proved that the establishment of term limits guarantees relative stability in power transition in China. A mechanism that has proved to be effective should not be changed so easily.
In China's present political system, the state president enjoys limited power. Real power is in the hands of the General Secretary of the CPC or the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. In contemporary China people are no longer illiterate or uneducated. It is not possible for anyone, try as they might, to succeed in reviving a Mao Zedong-style cult of personality, not to speak of "restoring the imperial system".

Abolishing the presidential term limits is a retrograde step in the reconstruction of China's political system. The dictatorship during Mao Zedong's era was a calamity for tens of millions of people. After Deng Xiaoping came to power, he decided to reform the system of governance. A system was established that emphasised the consensus of the party in the decision-making process. He also put in place a power sharing system with relatively strong internal checks and balances. The reforms undertaken by Deng Xiaoping were an answer to the aspiration of the people and the call of the time.

Of course, for more than ten years, the CPC's consensus politics has also given rise to some malpractice. On the surface power is centralised in China. But in reality, the country has a high degree of power devolution. As a result of such power fragmentation, many people gang together for personal interest and all sorts of vested interest groups have formed. Consensus politics has become a shelter for various interest groups and an obstacle to economic restructuring and the deepening of reforms. From initiating vigorous anti-corruption campaigns to establishing himself as "the core leader", Xi seems to be trying to strengthen his governance in an effort to realise the "Chinese dream" of national rejuvenation.

The change may be advantageous to deepening economic reforms, but stability in power transition could be sacrificed as a result. The CPC must give an answer to the question of how it can guarantee stability in power transition after constitutional change is made to abolish the presidential term limits.

It is undeniable that China is at a critical moment now that a reform offensive is being launched. Strongman politics is conducive to the continuity of state policies, but absolute power corrupts absolutely. In recent years, the CPC often emphasises that China should have self-confidence in her own system and culture, and that there is no need to copy the political system of the west. Through mechanisms such as the National Supervision Committee, the CPC wants to achieve the goal of self-supervision and self-improvement. The effectiveness of these mechanisms remains to be seen. The system that limits the term of office of the leadership has its origins in the CPC's tragic and painful experience. Any rash change to a system that has proved to be effective may have profound and long-lasting repercussions.

撤國家主席任期上限 勾起終身制誤國憂疑

中共中央建議修憲,刪除國家主席「連續任職不得超過兩屆」的限制,惹來不少非議。雖然取消任期限制,不等於重返終身制舊路,然而有關改動亦意味,習近平有生之年永任國家主席,並非不可能。取消國家主席任期限制,也許可以讓習近平有更多時間和政治能量,克服改革阻力,實現「中國夢」宏圖,惟這次改動難免勾起毛澤東時代專斷獨裁誤國的回憶。過去20多年實踐證明,任期制度的確立,令到中國權力交接相對平穩,一套行之有效的機制,不應輕易改變。

刻下中國政治制度,國家主席實權有限,出任黨總書記或中央軍委主席,才是真正權力來源。當今中國民智已開,就算有人想搞毛澤東式個人崇拜,也不可能成功,遑論「復辟帝制」。

取消國家主席任期,是中國政治制度建設的一次倒退。毛澤東時代的個人獨裁,禍害千千萬萬國民。鄧小平上台後,決意改革管治制度,黨內決策過程強調共識,同時又建立一套內部制約較強的權力分佈體制。鄧小平的改革,回應了人民意願和時代呼喚。

當然,近10多年中共共識政治也衍生了一些弊端。中國表面上奉行中央集權,惟其實亦是一個高度下放權力的國家,權力分佈碎片化,結黨營私者眾,形成不少既得利益集團,黨內共識政治反而成為了不同利益集團的保護傘,妨礙經濟轉型深化改革。由大力反腐到確立「習核心」,習近平似乎是要強化管治,以求實現其民族復興「中國夢」。

有關改變,對於深化經濟改革或許有好處,然而卻可能犧牲了政治權力交替的穩定性。現在修憲撤去國家主席任期上限,如何確保日後權力更迭可以做到穩定,是中共需要回答的問題。

無可否認,中國現時處於改革攻堅關鍵時刻,強人政治有助國策方針延續性,然而絕對權力使人絕對腐化。近年中共常強調要有制度自信、文化自信,毋須抄襲西方政治制度。中共希望透過國家監察委員會等制度,實現自我監督、自我完善,成效如何有待觀察,可是領導人任期制度,正是源於中共自身的慘痛經驗而得出,貿然改動一套行之有效的制度,恐留下深遠後患。

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