2012年9月18日 星期二

荒廢房策埋禍根 港人蝸居星人安居差距擴大

<轉載自2012918日 明報 社評>
 
在居住問題上,港人普遍羨慕新加坡人,因為他們毋須受住屋問題折磨,與許多港人為了蝸居淪為樓奴比較,新加坡人無疑是太幸福了。兩年半前,《明報》記者到星洲採訪其住屋情况,兩地對比明顯是「港人蝸居,星人安居」;最近,記者重訪星洲,從樓價反映出來的情况,許多港人蝸居如故,加上樓價升幅遠遠超過工資升幅,港人距新加坡人的安居生活愈來愈遠。本來,星港房策有不同社會功能,難以直接比較,不過,港人置業環境惡化是事實,特別是曾蔭權管治7年以來,荒廢房屋政策,使供應嚴重短缺,形成一個使港人如坐針氈的樓市大泡沫。
 
記者兩年半重訪後印象 「港人蝸居,星人安居」不變

前年4月,全球低息環境,游資充斥,推高資產價格,當時本港樓市熾熱,樓價飈升,中產人士大嘆置業難,新加坡面對同樣低息環境,但是星洲的房屋政策,使八成人口不受影響,繼續享有安居生活。當時《明報》記者到星洲採訪,發現2010年第二季,當地二手組屋售價指數為161.3,到今年第二季指數升至194,升幅約20%,以資產價格大環境而言,這個升幅不算太高。至於私樓售價指數,星洲在這段時間內約上升12.5%,幅度不算高,相信與新加坡政府落重藥打擊炒賣有關。

至於本港樓價的情况,20104月,中原城市領先指數為78.48,到去月為108.8,升幅約達40%。與星洲相比,本港樓價升幅大大領先,脫離了一般受薪階層的承受能力,中產人士較兩年半前更難置業,憧憬享受如新加坡人安居的美夢,更難實現了。本來,星港兩地的房屋政策不宜直接比較,但是,本港房策精神上曾經與星洲契合,只是後來本港走了歪路,特別是曾蔭權治下7年不作為的房屋政策,種下了樓市泡沫禍根。

新加坡鼓勵國民擁有自己的房子,認為意味着國民在這個國家有份,他們會希望社會好、開放及平穩。1970年代,港英政府推出居屋政策時,目的也是要增強港人的歸屬感,認同社會,成為穩定力量。可見新加坡的組屋和本港的居屋,異曲同工,而星洲堅持並不斷優化政策,不但平均單位面積較大,讓國民因應人生不同階段需要,例如結婚後,可申請換購更大面積的組屋,長者可以選擇出售組屋業權給政府,以取得資金養老等,這些安排,使星洲組屋成為國民安居、許多地方欽羨的政策。

港府對居屋業主,雖然沒有「一條龍」照顧,但是歷年興建的30多萬個居屋單位,不但成為一股穩定力量,而居屋業主賣樓「升呢」轉購私樓,成為房屋鏈的重要部分。另外,房委會售賣居屋所得興建出租公屋單位,綽綽有餘,財政上毋須政府費神,這樣一個好政策,曾蔭權一力抗拒復建居屋,稍為認識房屋政策的人,對此都無法理解。曾蔭權一意孤行,造成了今日中產人士的置業困境。

近年,本港與星洲於房屋政策另一個不同,是新加坡每年組屋供應量,與國民結婚數字相若,即每年約2.4萬至2.7萬個單位,申請者一般輪候35年就可以購買入住一手組屋。至於曾蔭權政府並無類似規劃,由2006年開始,住宅單位供應均低於結婚數字(除了2008年數字持平),以去年為例,約4萬對新人結婚,私樓及公屋落成量只有2.71萬個單位,5年差額約6萬個單位,短缺如此嚴重,市民怎可能安居?

長期規劃打造穩定供應 短期以非常力度打擊炒家

除了理念和規劃,星洲與本港在應對樓市狂飈,果敢程度也有所不同。本港由去年7月起徵收額外印花稅,打擊短線炒家,但是星洲除了3%買家印花稅,更推出打擊外國人炒樓的辣招,即時徵收高達10%的印花稅,實施後,當地樓價基本上穩定下來。至於本港的額外印花稅,炒家已經適應,以「持貨逾一年至兩年內轉讓」策略對應,只需繳付5%額印稅,近期樓價再節節飈升,與此有關。

曾蔭權留下來的樓市爛攤子,無特效藥可治,因為土地供應出了大問題,即使現在推出土地,最快也要35年才建成樓宇,所以,較早前梁振英政府以短期、中期和長期措施應對樓市,基本上符合實際;不過,短期措施的力度,金管局只要求銀行收緊按揭,對遏止炒風效用不大,特別在美國推出QE3(第三輪量化寬鬆政策)之後,市場游資充斥可期,本港樓市已經高處不勝寒,若再因為美國亂印銀紙,樓價持續上升,則他日泡沫爆破時,本港所承受損害會大到怎樣的程度,難以想像。因此,政府應該以非常手段對應此非常時期,打擊短線炒家,延長額印年期至5年,甚至仿照新加坡徵收「外國人買樓稅」等措施,都是政府要考慮的手段。


另外,期望政府已經成立的「長遠房屋政策督導委員會」,恢復拿出長遠房屋發展策略,從人口預測、結構對房屋的需求、工商業發展對土地的需求等,作出長遠規劃,持續地穩定供應,匡正曾蔭權帶來的亂局。港人雖然無緣享受新加坡人的寬敞居住空間,但是港人住上相對合理的居所,不應該是奢望,政府有責任滿足港人卑微的期望。

Editorial

Long-term Housing Policy Needed

 
WITH RESPECT TO housing, Singaporeans are Hong Kong people's envy: they are not plagued by housing problems, and generally enjoy far better living conditions than we do. To many of us, buying or renting even very humble homes can be a crushing financial burden.
 
In April 2010, interest rates worldwide fell to extraordinarily low levels, and since then there has been a lot of hot money around, fuelling asset prices. As a result, home prices in Hong Kong have soared, and middle-class people are finding it difficult to buy their own homes. Singapore, similarly situated in a low interest rate environment, has however fared better. Because of the Singapore government's housing policy, 80 percent of its population have not been much affected, and continue to live in comfort.

While it may not be appropriate to compare the housing policies of two different regions, Hong Kong's housing policy was once similar in principle to Singapore's. Unfortunately, the Hong Kong government later deviated from that principle. Donald Tsang Yam-kuen especially did nothing constructive with respect to the housing problem during his seven years as Chief Executive. As a result, a property bubble has come into being.

The Singapore government encourages its nationals to buy their own homes in the belief that a sense of national identity and social responsibility is tied to the ownership of a home. In the 1970s, the British colonial government in Hong Kong introduced the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS), which was also aimed at cultivating in the people a sense of belonging and social identity. The more than 300,000 HOS residential units built over the years eventually became a factor of social stability. Yet Donald Tsang was adamantly opposed to the revival of so good a scheme. Nobody with any understanding of housing policies has been able to explain his opposition.

Hong Kong's housing policy has in recent years come to differ from Singapore's in yet another respect. In Singapore, the number of housing units supplied every year by the Housing and Development Board roughly matches the number of newlyweds, which means that there is an annual supply of about 24,000 to 27,000 housing units. The Tsang government, however, had no such plans. Last year, for instance, there were about 40,000 newlyweds in Hong Kong, but only 27,100 residential units of private and public housing were made available. With the supply of new homes falling so short of demand, can Hong Kong people be expected to live in comfort?

And, compared with the Hong Kong government, the Singapore authorities are much more determined in their efforts to cool a frenzied property market. In July last year, Hong Kong introduced a special stamp duty to curb short-term speculation. In Singapore, however, in addition to the 3 percent stamp duty home buyers have to pay, a drastic measure against property speculation has been introduced with immediate effect, requiring non-resident foreign buyers to pay a hefty 10 percent stamp duty. As a result, property prices in Singapore have stabilised.

With the launch of QE3 (the third round of US quantitative easing), an influx of hot money can be expected. Hong Kong's property prices are already exceedingly high, and if prices continue to soar because of the United States' reckless money printing policy, no one can tell how much Hong Kong will suffer when the property bubble eventually bursts. This is an unusual time that requires the government to take unusual measures against short-term speculation. All possible measures should be considered, including the extension of the enforcement period of the special stamp duty to five years. The government should even consider the imposition of a special tax on non-resident home buyers, like that imposed by the Singapore government.

The government has now established a Steering Committee on Long-term Housing Policy. We hope the committee will come up with a policy to rectify the intolerable situation created by Donald Tsang.

明報社評2012.09.18﹕荒廢房策埋禍根 港人蝸居星人安居差距擴大

在居住問題上,港人普遍羨慕新加坡人,因為他們毋須受住屋問題折磨,與許多港人為了蝸居淪為樓奴比較,新加坡人無疑是太幸福了。

前年4月,全球低息環境,游資充斥,推高資產價格,當時本港樓價飈升,中產人士大嘆置業難,新加坡面對同樣低息環境,但是星洲的房屋政策,使八成人口不受影響,繼續享有安居生活。

本來,星港兩地的房屋政策不宜直接比較,但是,本港房策精神上曾經與星洲契合,只是後來本港走了歪路,特別是曾蔭權治下7年不作為的房屋政策,種下了樓市泡沫禍根。

新加坡鼓勵國民擁有自己的房子,認為意味着國民在這個國家有份,他們會希望社會好。1970年代,港英政府推出居屋政策時,目的也是要增強港人的歸屬感,認同社會。港府歷年興建的30多萬個居屋單位,成為一股穩定力量。這樣一個好政策,曾蔭權一力抗拒復建居屋,稍為認識房屋政策的人,對此都無法理解。

近年,本港與星洲於房屋政策另一個不同,是新加坡每年組屋供應量,與國民結婚數字相若,即每年約2.4萬至2.7萬個單位。至於曾蔭權政府並無類似規劃,以去年為例,約4萬對新人結婚,私樓及公屋落成量只有2.71萬個單位,短缺如此嚴重,市民怎可能安居?

星洲與本港在應對樓市狂飈,果敢程度也有所不同。本港由去年7月起徵收額外印花稅,打擊短線炒家,但是星洲除了3%買家印花稅,更推出打擊外國人炒樓的辣招,即時徵收高達10%的印花稅,實施後,當地樓價基本上穩定下來。

在美國推出QE3(第三輪量化寬鬆政策)之後,市場游資充斥可期,本港樓市已經高處不勝寒,若再因為美國亂印銀紙,樓價持續上升,則他日泡沫爆破時,本港所承受損害會大到怎樣的程度,難以想像。因此,政府應該以非常手段對應此非常時期,打擊短線炒家,延長額印年期至5年,甚至仿照新加坡徵收「外國人買樓稅」等措施,都是政府要考慮的手段。

另外,期望政府已經成立的「長遠房屋政策督導委員會」,恢復拿出長遠房屋發展策略,匡正曾蔭權帶來的亂局。

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