<轉載自2018年10月15日 明報 社評>
中美貿易戰持續之際,德國寶馬公司在遼寧瀋陽市興建在華第三家工廠上周奠基,寶馬斥資36億歐元,將在內地合資公司的持股比例由50%增至75%,成為首間在內地合資車廠控股的外國公司。同時,美國電動車生產商特斯拉(Tesla)亦斥資10億元人民幣在上海買地,準備興建首家海外工廠。國務院總理李克強近日在北京分別會晤寶馬董事長和日本最大的工商組織經團連代表團時,反覆強調中國會進一步對外開放;李克強本周將到訪歐洲荷蘭、比利時,主題也不離招商引資,廣邀外商參加下月初的上海進口博覽會。用開放市場吸引外資,似乎正成為中國應對貿易戰的新利器。
寶馬特斯拉在華設廠 中國利用資本逐利性
李克強上周三(10日)在北京會見寶馬集團董事長科魯格(Harald
Kruger)時稱,寶馬公司是中國放寬汽車業外資股份限制後的首個受益者。這表明,中國對外開放新舉措不僅是「說到了」,也「做到了」。下一步,中國對外開放的力度會更大,開放的水平會更高,中國將長期成為外商投資的熱土。
由於中國對自美國進口汽車加稅,寶馬表示,可能會將在美國生產的SUV等一些產品轉到中國生產。科魯格坦言,中國是寶馬最大市場,「美國和德國的市場加起來也比不過」,更表示中國「將成為一個世界性的生產基地」,「未來在世界任何地方看到的寶馬X3純電動車,都一定是『中國製造』」。
寶馬的選擇反映的是市場現實。7月起,內地大幅降低汽車進口關稅,8月就對原產於美國的進口車加徵25%關稅,以反制美國關稅措施。美國通用汽車7月至9月在華銷量按年下跌14.9%,另一美資福特汽車在華銷量近月也一直下滑,公司要準備全球裁員。但與此同時,日本豐田汽車9月在華銷量增長18%,德國平治汽車9月在華銷量上升6.9%。此消彼長的數據,反映出特朗普的關稅措施,已開始給美資車廠造成損失,而給其他國家車廠帶來紅利。
正是看到這種趨勢,美國最大的電動汽車製造商Tesla據報將斥資10億元人民幣,在上海買地興建首座海外車廠。按照7月與上海市政府簽署的初步協議,該工廠將投資50億美元,最終年產50萬輛電動汽車,超過Tesla在美工廠目前總產量。由於中國是全球最大的電動汽車市場,在滬設廠可令Tesla避免高達40%的關稅。
八九六四之後,中國面對西方集體制裁,在國際上陷於嚴重孤立狀態。就是靠鄧小平1992年的南巡講話,向全世界宣告要繼續改革開放,隨後,具體的開放措施鋪天蓋地而來,從海南洋浦開發,到深圳發行股票,從與韓國建交,到宣布社會主義市場經濟,到1993年,中國的國際處境就發生了根本的扭轉。資本是逐利的,而全球最大的市場,成為中國打破國際上敵意的重要利器。
引技術促融合反擊美 貿易戰拼耐力定輸贏
中國用開放市場吸引外資來應對貿易戰,可謂一石三鳥,一來可以引進先進技術,避過科技封鎖。就以美國制裁中興公司為例,事發後從中央到地方,對晶片製造業推出諸多優惠,同時對歐日韓台晶片巨頭開放市場,吸引了大量資本、技術、人才、設備,由於內地是全球最大的晶片應用市場,製造商的自然流入,技術轉移也難以阻止。
中國IT業巨頭華為上周宣布,將開始量產面向人工智能(AI)等的高性能半導體晶片。據稱,這些AI晶片是目前為止業內設計算力最高的,超過谷歌(Google)及輝達(NVIDIA)。
開放市場的第二個作用就是加強融合,你中有我,我中有你,令外國政府對華制裁時投鼠忌器。如蘋果公司行政總裁庫克上周在上海被問及對中國經濟的判斷時,他用「非常強勁,非常非常強勁(very strong, very very strong)」來形容,並非全屬溢美之辭,畢竟蘋果大中華區業務連續4季實現兩位數增長。所以庫克矢言,蘋果將繼續加大在滬投資,擴大合作領域。而蘋果在華生產的產品,在美國加徵關稅中就獲得豁免。
最後,開放市場當然也是為反擊美國,倒逼受傷的美商向特朗普政府施壓,讓這種痛感傳導回美國經濟。如福特汽車的行政總裁哈基特(Jim Hackett)就公開抱怨,政府加徵鋼鋁關稅已令福特損失10億美元。上周美股的大幅波動,亦被市場認為貿易戰對美國的影響已經浮現。
貿易戰開打之初,中國被認為是王牌有限,無法抵抗。迄今為止,貿易戰對中國的影響確實較大,但現在斷定中國就要舉手投降卻為時尚早,這將是一場曠日持久的消耗戰,耐力的比併,「誰笑到最後,誰才笑得最好」。
China's new weapon in the trade war
AMID the ongoing trade war between China and the US, BMW, a German car
manufacturer, held a groundbreaking ceremony for its factory in Shenyang,
Liaoning — the company's third in China — last week. With an investment of €3.6
billion, the company will increase its stake in a joint venture with a Chinese
company from 50% to 75%, thus becoming the first foreign carmaker with a
controlling stake in a mainland joint venture. Meanwhile Tesla, a manufacturer
of electric cars, has also spent one billion Renminbi on a piece of land in
Shanghai in preparation for the construction of its first factory overseas.
When receiving Harald Krüger, the chairman of the board of management
(CEO) for BMW in Beijing last Wednesday (10th October), Li Keqiang said that
BMW would be the first to benefit from China's relaxation of the restraints on
stakes held by foreign capital in automobile companies.
As China has slapped tariffs on cars imported from the United States,
BMW said that it might switch to China for the manufacturing of Sport Utility
Vehicles and other products, which are currently manufactured in the US. Krüger
said plainly that China is BMW's biggest market, and "there is no parallel
even adding up the markets of the United States and Germany." He even said
that "China will become a world-class manufacturing base", and that
"one might find that an all-electric variant of the X3 anywhere in the
world would be made in China."
BMW's choice is a reflection of market realities. In July, China
dramatically lowered the tariffs on imported cars, then in August it imposed a
25% tariff on cars imported from the US as a countermeasure against the US's
sanctions. Between July and September, General Motors, a US carmaker, saw its
sales in China fall by 14.9% year on year, while Ford, another American
carmaker, has also experienced falling sales in China in recent months, so much
so the company is planning layoffs worldwide. Meanwhile, Japanese carmaker
Toyota's sales in China rose by 18% in September, while those of Benz, a
Germany company, rose by 6.9%. The fact that some companies are experiencing a
growth in sale figures at the expense of the others is a reflection of the loss
inflicted on American carmakers by Donald Trump's tariffs as well as the gains
made by other carmakers.
It is exactly this trend that has propelled Tesla, the biggest
manufacturer of electric cars in the US, to reportedly spend one billion
Renminbi to buy land in Shanghai to build its first factory overseas. According
to an initial agreement entered into with the Shanghai government in July, the
factory will involve an investment of US$5 billion and the production of
500,000 electric cars annually, exceeding its total car production in US
factories currently. As China is the world's biggest market for electric cars,
a company in Shanghai can help Tesla avoid tariffs as high as 40%.
At the onset of the trade war, it was thought that China would find it
impossible to fend off the US's offensives due to the lack of trump cards. It
is true that the trade war has affected China more severely up to now, but it
is still too early to determine whether China will have to concede defeat. It
is a grinding war of attrition and a test of resilience. The country that has
the last smile will also have the best smile.
開放市場一石三鳥 應對貿易戰新利器
中美貿易戰持續之際,德國寶馬公司在遼寧瀋陽市興建在華第三家工廠上周奠基,寶馬斥資36億歐元,將在內地合資公司的持股比例由50%增至75%,成為首間在內地合資車廠控股的外國公司。同時,美國電動車生產商特斯拉(Tesla)亦斥資10億元人民幣在上海買地,準備興建首家海外工廠。
李克強上周三(10日)在北京會見寶馬集團董事長科魯格(Harald
Kruger)時稱,寶馬公司是中國放寬汽車業外資股份限制後的首個受益者。
由於中國對自美國進口汽車加稅,寶馬表示,可能會將在美國生產的SUV等一些產品轉到中國生產。科魯格坦言,中國是寶馬最大市場,「美國和德國的市場加起來也比不過」,更表示中國「將成為一個世界性的生產基地」,「未來在世界任何地方看到的寶馬X3純電動車,都一定是『中國製造』」。
寶馬的選擇反映的是市場現實。7月起,內地大幅降低汽車進口關稅,8月就對原產於美國的進口車加徵25%關稅,以反制美國關稅措施。美國通用汽車7月至9月在華銷量按年下跌14.9%,另一美資福特汽車在華銷量近月也一直下滑,公司要準備全球裁員。但與此同時,日本豐田汽車9月在華銷量增長18%,德國平治汽車9月在華銷量上升6.9%。此消彼長的數據,反映出特朗普的關稅措施,已開始給美資車廠造成損失,而給其他國家車廠帶來紅利。
正是看到這種趨勢,美國最大的電動汽車製造商Tesla據報將斥資10億元人民幣,在上海買地興建首座海外車廠。按照7月與上海市政府簽署的初步協議,該工廠將投資50億美元,最終年產50萬輛電動汽車,超過Tesla在美工廠目前總產量。由於中國是全球最大的電動汽車市場,在滬設廠可令Tesla避免高達40%的關稅。
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