<轉載自2017年10月19日 明報 社評>
中共召開第十九次全國代表大會(十九大),總書記習近平提出「新時代中國特色社會主義思想」,勾勒未來30多年建設現代化強國、實現中華民族復興的藍圖;「堅持一國兩制」單獨成項,成為基本方略之一,突顯港澳台是不可或缺的一環。習近平形容過去5年港澳工作取得新進展,重點在於全面準確貫徹一國兩制方針,「牢牢掌握」憲法和《基本法》賦予中央的全面管治權,未有提及「港獨」,反映中央認為香港情况受控,將秉承現有方針,政治紅線不會放寬,惟亦未必需要進一步收緊。
新時代思想基本方略 堅持一國兩制列要點
十九大報告洋洋灑灑3萬多字,談的是中共治國治黨大事,論的是中國長遠發展方向,對於有關香港的段落,不能抽離解讀,必須放在報告大框架理解,否則容易失諸偏頗,斷章取義。報告一方面回顧過去5年的工作和變革,同時展望中共在新時代的歷史使命。5年前的十八大報告提出「兩個一百年」的奮鬥目標,其中「第一個一百年」,即2021年中共成立百年時實現全面建成小康社會,距今已是屈指可數,這個早在鄧小平時代定下的目標,已基本實現。習近平的十九大報告,主要針對「第二個一百年」,亦即2049年新中國成立百年時實現民族復興。
習近平定下兩階段發展規劃,先是在2035年實現社會主義現代化,然後在2050年把中國建設成富強民主文明的社會主義現代化強國。為此習近平提出了「新時代中國特色社會主義思想」,基本方略合共14條,「堅持一國兩制和推進祖國統一」是其中之一,與「堅持黨領導」、「全面深化改革」、「全面依法治國」等並列。習近平將「一國兩制」放到如此高的戰略高度看待,當然有針對兩岸統一之意,惟「保持香港澳門長期繁榮穩定」,亦是基本方略的核心內容,與「實現祖國完全統一」,同屬民族復興的「必然要求」。
從積極方面看,中央視一國兩制為新時代中國特色社會主義不可分割的組成部分,堅持一國兩制決心毋庸置疑,看不到可見將來有走回頭路,甚至變成一國一制的可能;當然,換一個角度看,中央也必然會堅守「一國」的底線,不容有人以「兩制」挑戰「一國」。
習近平強調一國兩制實踐成功,形容過去5年港澳台工作「取得新進展」,其中一大重點,是「全面準確貫徹」一國兩制方針,牢牢掌握憲法和《基本法》賦予中央對港澳的全面管治權。自從2014年國務院發表《一國兩制白皮書》提出「全面管治權」後,港人對中央如何理解和行使「全面管治權」甚為疑慮。經歷了佔領運動、「港獨」思潮冒起、立法會宣誓風波和人大釋法,中央的「底線思維」愈益清晰。對港人來說,雖然不確定性仍然存在,惟總算心裏有譜。
香港政治承受能力很有限,港人也不想見到中央對港政策更趨強硬。綜觀十九大報告有關香港的表述,反映中央認為過去5年處理港澳事務方向正確,未來也將延續,對港方針難言突然放寬,惟亦未有預示進一步收緊。報告只從大原則角度,重申絕不允許任何人把中國領土分裂出去,對「港獨」隻字未提,與強調「挫敗任何形式的台獨分裂圖謀」,形成鮮明對比,顯示中央認為香港情况仍然受控,形勢未見顯著轉壞,相信可令行政長官林鄭月娥有較大空間處理問題。
對港表述未見轉壞 民族復興港有角色
習近平談到保持香港長期繁榮穩定,「一國兩制、港人治港、高度自治」的十二字真言仍然是主旋律,惟需要全面準確貫徹,嚴格依憲法和《基本法》辦事,完善與《基本法》實施相關的制度,有關說法體現的依舊是「底線思維」。值得留意的是,習近平提到支持特區政府「有序推進民主」,未有封上政改之門,不過同時亦強調「履行維護國家主權、安全和發展利益的憲制責任」,突顯《基本法》23條立法,始終是本港長遠無法迴避的課題。
過去5年香港發生了這麼多政治風浪,如果習近平認為香港情况有惡化失控之勢,決意進一步收緊對港政策,表述可以嚴厲得多,現在的說法,雖然未必能夠令港人放下心頭大石,惟其實已算較為積極正面。
十九大報告勾勒的,是中華民族復興藍圖,香港是中國一部分,自然亦有角色和責任,履行維護國家安全憲制責任只是其中之一。習近平提到需要增強港人的國家意識和愛國精神,需要放在「共擔民族復興歷史責任、共享祖國繁榮富強」的大前提下理解。報告指出,為了實現「現代化強國」目標,建設現代化經濟體系是必須跨越的關口,重點戰略之一是「實施區域協調發展」。部分港人對於粵港澳大灣區還是不甚了了,然而大灣區建設正是區域協調發展戰略的一環,不僅是國策,更關乎實現民族復興的最高目標。習近平表示支持港澳融入國家發展大局,關鍵是港人同樣需要有大局觀,掌握民族復興藍圖,才能發揮香港獨特角色優勢。
Blueprint for national rejuvenation
AT the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (shijiuda)
General Secretary Xi Jinping talked about his "ideas of socialism with
Chinese characteristics in the new era" and outlined a blueprint for
building up a modernised power and achieving the Chinese nation's rejuvenation
in the next thirty years. In his shijiuda report, "to adhere to one
country, two systems" is a separate item and is among China's basic
general plans. That shows Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are an indispensable
link. Xi's description is that, over the past five years, new progress has been
made in Hong Kong and Macao work. According to him, emphasis should be put on
implementing the "one country, two systems" policy comprehensively
and correctly and "firmly grasping" the power of administration
vested in the central authorities by the Constitution and the Basic Law. But he
made no mention of (advocacy for) "Hong Kong's independence".
Taken globally, what the shijiuda report says about Hong Kong shows the
central government takes the view that the way in which Hong Kong and Macao
affairs have been handled is correct and should continue. Though one can hardly
say Beijing's policy towards Hong Kong has suddenly loosened, there are no
signs that it will tighten up. The report only deals with the issue from a
perspective of general principles and reiterates that in no circumstances
should any person be allowed to split any Chinese territory away from China. It
says nothing at all about "Hong Kong's independence". That is in
sharp contrast with "to thwart any attempt in any form to split Taiwan
from the country or make it independent". That shows the central
government considers the situation in Hong Kong under control and things in the
SAR unlikely to worsen markedly. Conceivably, Chief Executive Carrie Lam will
be allowed relatively great latitude in dealing with matters.
Xi talked about maintaining Hong Kong's long-term prosperity and stability.
According to the shijiuda report, "one country, two systems",
"Hong Kong people running Hong Kong" and "Hong Kong enjoying a
high degree of autonomy" will remain the main theme, but it is necessary
to carry out this policy comprehensively and correctly, strictly adhere to the
Constitution and the Basic Law in handling affairs and perfect the systems
having to do with the enforcement of the Basic Law. What such utterances give
expression to is "bottom-line thinking". It is noteworthy that Xi
mentioned "support for the SAR government's effort orderly to foster
democratisation". He did not shut the door on constitutional reform, but
he emphasised at the same time the need "to perform the constitutional
duty of safeguarding the country's sovereignty, security and interests of
development". This shows legislation under Article 23 of the Basic Law
remains an issue Hong Kong cannot possibly evade in the long term.
Hong Kong has seen many political troubles over the past five years. If
Xi thought the situation in Hong Kong tends to go out of control and were
determined further to tighten up Beijing's policy towards Hong Kong, he would
have made much sterner comments. What he said actually counts as relatively
positive, though not such as to take a load off many a Hongkonger's mind.
It is a blueprint for the Chinese nation's rejuvenation that is outlined
in the shijiuda report. A part of China, Hong Kong naturally has roles to play
and duties to perform, of which it is only one to perform the constitutional
duty of safeguarding national security. Xi mentioned the need to boost Hong
Kong people's national awareness and patriotic spirit. This has to be looked at
in the light of the overriding principle of "sharing the historic duty of
national rejuvenation as well as the motherland's prosperity, wealth and
power". The report points out that, to achieve the goal of building up a
"modernised strong power", it is necessary to clear the hurdle of
building up a modernised economic system, and one of the key strategies is to
"bring about regional coordinated development". Some Hongkongers know
little about the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area, but its
establishment is a link of the strategy of regional coordinated development.
Not only is it a national policy, but it also has to do with achieving the
highest aim of national rejuvenation. Xi said the central government supported
Hong Kong's and Macao's integration into the general situation of national
development. It is crucial for Hongkongers to have a similar outlook on the
general situation and a good grasp of the blueprint for national rejuvenation.
Only if this is the case can the advantages of Hong Kong's unique role be
brought into play.
習提民族復興藍圖 對港沒放鬆未收緊
中共召開第十九次全國代表大會(十九大),總書記習近平提出「新時代中國特色社會主義思想」,勾勒未來30多年建設現代化強國、實現中華民族復興的藍圖;「堅持一國兩制」單獨成項,成為基本方略之一,突顯港澳台是不可或缺的一環。習近平形容過去5年港澳工作取得新進展,重點在於全面準確貫徹一國兩制方針,「牢牢掌握」憲法和《基本法》賦予中央的全面管治權,未有提及「港獨」。
綜觀十九大報告有關香港的表述,反映中央認為過去5年處理港澳事務方向正確,未來也將延續,對港方針難言突然放寬,惟亦未有預示進一步收緊。報告只從大原則角度,重申絕不允許任何人把中國領土分裂出去,對「港獨」隻字未提,與強調「挫敗任何形式的台獨分裂圖謀」,形成鮮明對比,顯示中央認為香港情况仍然受控,形勢未見顯著轉壞,相信可令行政長官林鄭月娥有較大空間處理問題。
習近平談到保持香港長期繁榮穩定,「一國兩制、港人治港、高度自治」的十二字真言仍然是主旋律,惟需要全面準確貫徹,嚴格依憲法和《基本法》辦事,完善與《基本法》實施相關的制度,有關說法體現的依舊是「底線思維」。值得留意的是,習近平提到支持特區政府「有序推進民主」,未有封上政改之門,不過同時亦強調「履行維護國家主權、安全和發展利益的憲制責任」,突顯《基本法》23條立法,始終是本港長遠無法迴避的課題。
過去5年香港發生了這麼多政治風浪,如果習近平認為香港情况有惡化失控之勢,決意進一步收緊對港政策,表述可以嚴厲得多,現在的說法,雖然未必能夠令港人放下心頭大石,惟其實已算較為積極正面。
十九大報告勾勒的,是中華民族復興藍圖,香港是中國一部分,自然亦有角色和責任,履行維護國家安全憲制責任只是其中之一。習近平提到需要增強港人的國家意識和愛國精神,需要放在「共擔民族復興歷史責任、共享祖國繁榮富強」的大前提下理解。報告指出,為了實現「現代化強國」目標,建設現代化經濟體系是必須跨越的關口,重點戰略之一是「實施區域協調發展」。部分港人對於粵港澳大灣區還是不甚了了,然而大灣區建設正是區域協調發展戰略的一環,不僅是國策,更關乎實現民族復興的最高目標。習近平表示支持港澳融入國家發展大局,關鍵是港人同樣需要有大局觀,掌握民族復興藍圖,才能發揮香港獨特角色優勢。
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