<轉載自2017年7月26日 明報 社評>
政府公布高鐵一地兩檢方案,力陳方案沒有牴觸基本法;泛民議員則認為方案衝擊一國兩制高度自治,批評是「割地方案」,矢言阻止立法,惟並未斬釘截鐵表示一定會提出司法覆核,僅僅表示要再作研究。今次政府顯然花了不少工夫,確保方案有充足法理憑據,毋懼司法挑戰。基本法是一國兩制原則的體現,理論上如果方案符合基本法,就不存在違反一國兩制的問題,不過落實一地兩檢方案,除了打法律戰,還要打輿論戰,能否做好游說工作,令普羅大眾口服心服,將是政府一大考驗。
確保不違反基本法 政府方案有備而來
有關一地兩檢的爭論,有不少是陰謀論和偽命題,惟亦有不少真實問題必須妥善處理,方案能否符合基本法,正是其中之一。《基本法》第18條訂明,全國性的法律不在香港特區實施(附件三列明者除外),第22條則訂明中央政府所屬各部門和省市都不得干預特區自行管理的事務。香港是法治社會,經濟利益和便民考慮也不能凌駕法律,如果方案不能符合基本法,市民不可能會支持。搞通一地兩檢法理依據是最基本的問題,今次政府明顯有備而來。
整個一地兩檢方案的核心,是直接把內地口岸區在「法律層面」列為香港特區範圍以外,這意味《基本法》第18條和第22條等都不再適用,自然也不存在違反的問題。至於劃出特區範圍以外的法理依據,則是參考深圳灣口岸模式,透過「三步走」方式解決:第一步是特區政府與內地達成一地兩檢協議,第二步是交由人大常委會批准,依據《基本法》第20條(香港特區可以享有全國人大授予的「其他權力」),授權特區政府落實一地兩檢安排,包括將內地口岸區以「租賃」方式交予內地管轄,執行內地法律。最後一步則是交由兩地各自落實安排,包括由香港特區本地立法。
人大是國家最高權力機關,由人大常委會依照《基本法》第20條授權特區政府落實一地兩檢,要從法律層面挑戰並不容易。政府強調本地法例將深圳灣港方口岸區「視為位於香港以內的地域」,跟今次倒轉過來的安排「原則上無異」,顯然是想以本港法律已有先例,進一步鞏固內地口岸區「法律上視為香港特區範圍以外」的做法。當然,政府上述法律觀點,本港法院會否照單全收,始終是未知之數。有泛民議員質疑,如此援引《基本法》第20條由人大授權特區立法,「令香港少了司法管轄權」,做法「十分離奇」,「技術上並不可行」,可是並未明確指有關處理違反《基本法》,遑論斬釘截鐵說會提出司法覆核。政府表示對打官司有信心,看來不一定是虛張聲勢。
不過政府要打的可不止是法律戰,還有輿論戰。就算最終法院裁定方案符合《基本法》,如果政府游說市民表現差劣,一樣焦頭爛額。誠然,倘若反對者只是一味空泛質疑方案違反一國兩制,卻遲遲不提司法覆核,說服力必會大打折扣,然而必須承認的是,部分市民可能直觀覺得內地口岸區明明「地理上」位於香港,難以理解它為何在「法律上」不屬香港特區範圍。方案出爐後,反對者提出「割地」、「自閹」等質疑。雖然政府澄清方案不存在「割地」效果,皆因《基本法》第7條已列明香港境內土地「屬於國家所有」,由特區政府負責管理、使用及出租,方案也不涉及業權轉移,可是輿論戰核心是市民觀感,法理並非決定因素,坊間危言聳聽的威力也不能低估。政府解釋,香港範圍是根據國務院221號令講述,《基本法》本身和香港本地法例均沒有定義香港邊界,所以不存在「以本地立法凌駕《基本法》」的問題。這在法律上說得通,惟一般市民並非律師大狀,未必賣帳,政府游說公眾支持,還須多從其他方法入手。
法律戰政府有信心 輿論戰看市民觀感
銅鑼灣書店事件引發港人對公安跨境執法的擔心,政府必須加倍努力消除市民疑慮,讓市民心服口服,不能單靠「符合基本法」一曲走天涯。方案訂明內地人員必須留在口岸區執法,不會進入香港特區境內執法,政府高官亦強調高鐵總站內地口岸區的把關標準,不會與其他內地口岸有異,公安日常巡邏一般只帶警棍,不會隨便攜槍。平情而論,這些安排對於紓減市民疑慮,應有一定幫助,目前亦看不到任何迹象顯示內地有政治企圖利用一地兩檢跨境執法,破壞一國兩制。
律政司長認為,一地兩檢沒有改變兩地原有的通關程序,意味出入境乘客權益沒有改變。有反對者認為,落實一地兩檢,許多市民會「誤墮內地法網」,可是如果「內地口岸區法律上不屬特區範圍」成立,有關憂慮也將變成偽命題:市民身在高鐵車廂和內地口岸區,就是位於內地刑事管轄區,跟身處深圳羅湖口岸沒兩樣,根據過去經驗,如果有港人攜帶違禁品闖關甚或示威,內地做法通常是短暫扣留後隨即遣返。有反對者質疑,方案一邊規定內地口岸區執行內地刑法,可是又稱港方擁有一些民事管轄權,安排奇乎怪哉,不過支持者卻大可提出,這正正體現了一國兩制的獨特精神。
圍繞一地兩檢的輿論戰,未來數周勢必愈演愈烈,政府與反對者都應當堅守理性討論原則。誇張失實和煽動恐懼的政治操作,只會令社會討論失焦。
Citizens
must be wholly convinced
THE GOVERNMENT has unveiled its plan of co-locating
immigration facilities at the high speed rail link terminus and vehemently
stressed it nothing contravenes the Basic Law. Considering it detrimental to
the high degree of autonomy Hong Kong enjoys under "one country, two
systems" and criticising it as one for "ceding territory",
pan-democratic lawmakers vow to block the legislation for its adoption.
Nevertheless, they have only said they will look further at it instead of
stating categorically they will apply for judicial review. Clearly, the government
has no fear of the plan being judicially challenged because it has done much to
ensure it is legally well-founded.
However, it is not only a legality battle but also
a public-opinion battle that the government has to fight. Even if the court
eventually rules the plan in keeping with the Basic Law, the government will be
badly battered if it performs poorly in lobbying the citizenry. True, those who
are against the plan will become much less persuasive if they harp on
suspicions that the plan contravenes "one country, two systems"
instead of promptly applying for judicial review. However, one cannot but agree
that it is beyond some citizens why it is possible for the mainland checkpoint
zone, which apparently and clearly belongs to Hong Kong "geographically",
not to belong to the HKSAR "legally". Naysayers have raised doubts of
"territory cession" and "self-castration". The government
has made it clear that it is impossible for the plan to result in
"territory cession" because, under Article 7 of the Basic Law (which
expressly provides that the land and natural resources within the HKSAR shall
be state property and the government of the HKSAR shall be responsible for
their management, use and development and for their lease or grant to...), the
plan has nothing whatsoever to do with any transfer of title. However, legality
is no decisive factor because what crucially matters in the public-opinion
battle is citizens' perception. And the might of alarmist talk circulating in
the territory should not be underestimated. According to the government's
explanation, because the HKSAR is demarcated according to Decree No 221 of the
State Council and its boundary is defined neither in the Basic Law nor in any
local legislation, there is no problem of "local legislation overriding
the Basic Law". This argument makes legal sense, but ordinary citizens
(who are neither solicitors nor barristers) may not buy it. To talk the public
into supporting the plan, the government must resort to other methods.
The Causeway Bay Books disappearances have made
Hongkongers worried that mainland public security agents may cross the border
to enforce the law. The government must redouble its efforts to dispel their
misgivings so that they will be wholly convinced. It must not rely solely on
the "in keeping with the Basic Law" tune.
The Secretary for Justice says the co-location of
immigration facilities would in no way change border-crossing procedures, which
means border-
crossers' rights and interests would remain
unchanged. Some naysayers believe that, when immigration facilities of Hong
Kong and those of the mainland are co-located, citizens may "inadvertently
fall into the net of mainland justice". However, if it is true that the
place where the mainland checkpoints are does not legally belong to the HKSAR,
it will be a false proposition that they have such worry. A citizen on a
high-speed train or in the mainland checkpoint zone would be under mainland
criminal jurisdiction as he is at the Luohu Port.
The public-opinion battle about the co-location of
immigration facilities is bound to intensify in the next few weeks. Both the
authorities and the naysayers should adhere to the principle of reasoned
discussion. Political operations designed to exaggerate or falsify matters or
incite fear will only make society's discussions out of focus.
推銷一地兩檢需令市民心服口服
政府公布高鐵一地兩檢方案,力陳方案沒有牴觸基本法;泛民議員則認為方案衝擊一國兩制高度自治,批評是「割地方案」,矢言阻止立法,惟並未斬釘截鐵表示一定會提出司法覆核,僅僅表示要再作研究。今次政府顯然花了不少工夫,確保方案有充足法理憑據,毋懼司法挑戰。
不過政府要打的可不止是法律戰,還有輿論戰。就算最終法院裁定方案符合《基本法》,如果政府游說市民表現差劣,一樣焦頭爛額。誠然,倘若反對者只是一味空泛質疑方案違反一國兩制,卻遲遲不提司法覆核,說服力必會大打折扣,然而必須承認的是,部分市民可能直觀覺得內地口岸區明明「地理上」位於香港,難以理解它為何在「法律上」不屬香港特區範圍。方案出爐後,反對者提出「割地」、「自閹」等質疑。雖然政府澄清方案不存在「割地」效果,皆因《基本法》第7條已列明香港境內土地「屬於國家所有」,由特區政府負責管理、使用及出租,方案也不涉及業權轉移,可是輿論戰核心是市民觀感,法理並非決定因素,坊間危言聳聽的威力也不能低估。政府解釋,香港範圍是根據國務院221號令講述,《基本法》本身和香港本地法例均沒有定義香港邊界,所以不存在「以本地立法凌駕《基本法》」的問題。這在法律上說得通,惟一般市民並非律師大狀,未必賣帳,政府游說公眾支持,還須多從其他方法入手。
銅鑼灣書店事件引發港人對公安跨境執法的擔心,政府必須加倍努力消除市民疑慮,讓市民心服口服,不能單靠「符合基本法」一曲走天涯。
律政司長認為,一地兩檢沒有改變兩地原有的通關程序,意味出入境乘客權益沒有改變。有反對者認為,落實一地兩檢,許多市民會「誤墮內地法網」,可是如果「內地口岸區法律上不屬特區範圍」成立,有關憂慮也將變成偽命題:市民身在高鐵車廂和內地口岸區,就是位於內地刑事管轄區,跟身處深圳羅湖口岸沒兩樣。
圍繞一地兩檢的輿論戰,未來數周勢必愈演愈烈,政府與反對者都應當堅守理性討論原則。誇張失實和煽動恐懼的政治操作,只會令社會討論失焦。
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