2017年6月19日 星期一

外交戰地動山搖 燃烽火無濟於事

<轉載自2017619 明報 社評>
隨着台灣在中美洲最重要的邦交國巴拿馬轉投北京,兩岸的外交戰轉趨激烈。北京除積極向台灣邦交國招手之外,亦向台灣的非邦交國施壓,已有5個北京的邦交國逼台灣駐當地辦事處降級改名或遷址。台北亦計劃反制報復,陸委會祭出限制大陸人員入台等措施,綠營有人甚至提出重啟加入聯合國運動等主張,大有重拾陳水扁政府「烽火外交」之勢。
自從蔡英文當選台灣總統,兩岸外交戰已露重啟徵兆。去年3月,中國宣布和已經與台灣斷交兩年的非洲國家岡比亞復交,向台北發出了警號。蔡英文在去年「520」就職演講中隻字未提被認為是兩岸外交休兵政治基礎的「九二共識」,被北京批為一份「不及格的答卷」,令兩岸關係急速轉冷。
北京死心打壓升級 台灣反制適得其反
經過一年多觀察,北京對於民進黨會在「九二共識」上回心轉意已經死心,因而加大了對台灣外交空間的壓縮力度。去年底西非國家聖多美普林西比甫與台灣斷交,北京就宣布與其復交。上月的世衛大會,台灣不僅無緣與會,媒體和代表甚至連會場都不得其門而入。上周,中國與巴拿馬的建交,台灣甚至到巴方宣布前40分鐘才獲通知,可見打壓力度逐步升級。
2007年同樣棄台投陸的中美洲國家哥斯達黎加與中國的建交公報比較,巴拿馬今次在建交公報中,除重複「世界上只有一個中國,中華人民共和國政府是代表全中國的唯一合法政府,台灣是中國領土不可分割的一部分」的三段論外,還承諾「不再同台灣發生任何官方關係,不進行任何官方往來」。預料未來台灣的邦交國數目還會進一步下降。
雖然島內對大陸的外交打壓並不感到意外,也有輿論認為,邦交國數目即使「歸零」,對台灣實質影響亦有限。因為台灣與全球大部分國家仍維持領事經貿關係,對於台灣普通民眾來說,去外國旅行、就學、經商確實影響不大。不過,邦交國數目的減少,會令台灣在國際體系中的實體角色更加模糊。台灣的政府官員,從總統到部長,今後更難走出國門。而到中南美洲邦交國訪問,又是台灣官員過境美國的主要藉口,中南美洲邦交國若真的「歸零」,由於台美並無邦交,台灣主要官員今後要到美國就更難了。
有民進黨人士聲稱,邦交國中斷的是與中華民國的關係,只要台灣「正名」改國號,就可以交到新朋友,突破外交困境。這種說法不是故意誤導,就是不顧現實。北京武力攻台的底線之一就是台灣改國號的「法理台獨」,連李登輝、陳水扁當年都做不到的事,今天台灣任何一位總統恐怕都更不敢試。
至於有綠營人士和陸委會提出的報復措施,包括台灣在今年9月聯合國大會期間重啟「入聯」行動、限制大陸人士赴台訪問,頗有當年陳水扁「烽火外交」之風。但人們還記得,當年陳水扁四處點火,大撒金錢,8年出訪15次,創歷任總統之最,但卻被視為「麻煩製造者」,任內邦交國數目由29個變成23個,遽減20%,「烽火外交」最後以「迷航外交」成為國際笑柄。
硬的更硬軟的更軟 港台關係勢受波及
以今日的國際政治現實,台灣與北京抗衡的外交空間更加狹窄。台灣最大的安全保障者美國,即使對中南美洲仍有相當影響力,對維持台灣與這些國家的邦交,恐怕也有心無力,更何况美國現在內憂外患,自身難保。在巴拿馬斷交事件發生後,美國政府只能輕描淡寫地說幾句「反對單方面改變現狀」的話,國務卿蒂勒森談及本周中美首度外交與安全對話時,重點也是強調朝鮮議題。
無疑,北京重手壓縮台灣的外交空間,某程度上是會傷害及拉開兩岸的人心距離。不過,證諸台灣近年的選舉結果,特別是馬英九執政8年,在兩岸外交休兵後國民黨仍然大敗,早已令北京主政者對「寄希望於台灣人民」不敢再抱幻想。
不過,北京對台灣民間的統戰並未放鬆,硬的更硬,軟的更軟。蔡英文執政以來,北京單方面公布了連串方便台胞在大陸生活、就業、就學的優惠措施,這種以國民待遇取代過往送大禮的新取態值得留意。另外,在與國民黨保持交流管道的同時,對以台北市長柯文哲為代表的淺綠勢力仍然網開一面,並未關上對話的大門。
兩岸關係由冷對抗變成熱競爭,令港台關係也罩上陰影。香港回歸之初,北京對港台關係一度以「錢七條」規限。2008年之後,隨着兩岸關係緩和,港台交流的限制大為寬鬆,兩地互設了具官方色彩的辦事處,經貿人員往來亦趨頻密。今後,隨着兩岸關係的再度緊張,港台關係的的收縮恐難避免。對此,特區政府和香港各界都應早作綢繆。

Earth-shaking diplomatic war
THE CROSS-STRAIT DIPLOMATIC WAR has tended to intensify since Panama (once the most important of Central American countries that had diplomatic ties with Taiwan) befriended the mainland instead. Not only has Beijing vigorously beckoned to countries that have formal ties with the island, but it has also pressured those not in this category. Five countries that have diplomatic relations with the mainland have compelled the island's offices in them to downgrade, rename or relocate themselves. Taipei has planned for retaliation. The Mainland Affairs Council has imposed restrictions on mainlanders' entry into Taiwan and other measures of this kind. Some in the green camp have even suggested that Taiwan should resume its attempts to gain a United Nations seat. The island does seem poised to pursue "beacon-fire diplomacy" as the Chen Shui-bian administration did.
There being fewer countries having formal ties with the island, Taiwan's role in the international system has further blurred. It will be even harder for its president, ministers and other officials to leave the island. It is Taiwan officials' chief pretext for passing through the US to visit a Central or South American country that is the island's diplomatic ally. If the number of such countries falls to zero, it will be even harder for Taiwan officials to enter the US, with which the island has no diplomatic relations.
Judging from today's realities of international politics, the possibility of Taipei diplomatically contending with Beijing is even slimmer. The US, Taiwan's chiefest protector, is still influential in Central and South America, but it is incapable of maintaining the island's diplomatic relations with countries there even if it intends to do so. This is especially the case now because, beset with internal and external woes, the US has difficulty fending for itself. In the wake of Panama's severance of its formal ties with Taiwan, the US government only casually said the US was "opposed to any unilateral decision to alter the status quo". When he talked about the first Sino-US dialogue on diplomacy and security (to take place this week), US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson focused just on the North Korea issue.
Beijing's heavy-handed attempts to reduce Taiwan's diplomatic possibility will doubtless alienate to a certain degree Taiwan hearts from mainland ones. However, the outcomes of the elections Taiwan has seen in recent years and the fact that the Kuomintang was routed though the cross-strait diplomatic war ceased in the eight years in which Ma Ying-jeou was president have dissuaded the Beijing rulers from fancying "pinning their hopes on the people of Taiwan".
Nevertheless, Beijing is not slack in its attempts to "united-front" Taiwanese. Its tough measures have toughened and its soft, softened. Beijing has, since Tsai Ing-wen took the helm of government, unilaterally announced a series of beneficial measures that make it easier for Taiwan compatriots to live, work or go to school on the mainland. The new stance of offering national treatment instead of big gifts is worth attention. Furthermore, while it maintains the channels through which it compares notes with the Kuomintang, Beijing leaves the door of dialogue open to pale green forces, whom Taipei mayor Ko Wen-je represents.
Cold cross-strait contention has given way to hot cross-strait competition. That has clouded Hong Kong-Taiwan relations. Shortly after Hong Kong had reverted to Chinese sovereignty, Beijing limited Hong Kong-Taiwan relations with the "seven Qian principle". After cross-strait relations had eased in 2008, many restrictions on Hong Kong-Taiwan exchanges were lifted, the two regions set up quasi-governmental offices in each other's territories, and dealings of economic affairs and trade became frequent between them. As cross-strait relations are again strained, Hong Kong-Taiwan relations will inevitably diminish in scope. Against that the SAR government and other quarters should promptly make preparations.
外交戰地動山搖 燃烽火無濟於事
隨着台灣在中美洲最重要的邦交國巴拿馬轉投北京,兩岸的外交戰轉趨激烈。北京除積極向台灣邦交國招手之外,亦向台灣的非邦交國施壓,已有5個北京的邦交國逼台灣駐當地辦事處降級改名或遷址。台北亦計劃反制報復,陸委會祭出限制大陸人員入台等措施,綠營有人甚至提出重啟加入聯合國運動等主張,大有重拾陳水扁政府「烽火外交」之勢。
邦交國數目的減少,會令台灣在國際體系中的實體角色更加模糊。台灣的政府官員,從總統到部長,今後更難走出國門。而到中南美洲邦交國訪問,又是台灣官員過境美國的主要藉口,中南美洲邦交國若真的「歸零」,由於台美並無邦交,台灣主要官員今後要到美國就更難了。
以今日的國際政治現實,台灣與北京抗衡的外交空間更加狹窄。台灣最大的安全保障者美國,即使對中南美洲仍有相當影響力,對維持台灣與這些國家的邦交,恐怕也有心無力,更何况美國現在內憂外患,自身難保。在巴拿馬斷交事件發生後,美國政府只能輕描淡寫地說幾句「反對單方面改變現狀」的話,國務卿蒂勒森談及本周中美首度外交與安全對話時,重點也是強調朝鮮議題。
無疑,北京重手壓縮台灣的外交空間,某程度上是會傷害及拉開兩岸的人心距離。不過,證諸台灣近年的選舉結果,特別是馬英九執政8年,在兩岸外交休兵後國民黨仍然大敗,早已令北京主政者對「寄希望於台灣人民」不敢再抱幻想。
不過,北京對台灣民間的統戰並未放鬆,硬的更硬,軟的更軟。蔡英文執政以來,北京單方面公布了連串方便台胞在大陸生活、就業、就學的優惠措施,這種以國民待遇取代過往送大禮的新取態值得留意。另外,在與國民黨保持交流管道的同時,對以台北市長柯文哲為代表的淺綠勢力仍然網開一面,並未關上對話的大門。

兩岸關係由冷對抗變成熱競爭,令港台關係也罩上陰影。香港回歸之初,北京對港台關係一度以「錢七條」規限。2008年之後,隨着兩岸關係緩和,港台交流的限制大為寬鬆,兩地互設了具官方色彩的辦事處,經貿往來亦趨頻密。今後,隨着兩岸關係的再度緊張,港台關係的收縮恐難避免。對此,特區政府和香港各界都應早作綢繆。

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