2016年7月18日 星期一

和平崛起遇新挑戰 該硬則硬該軟則軟

<轉載自2016718 明報 社評>
一如所料,菲律賓提出的南海仲裁案做出完全不利中國的裁決,不但「九段線」的歷史權利被完全否定,連太平島也被認定為「礁」而非「島」。雖然法國國慶恐襲案一時間轉移了世界輿論的焦點,但是「南海風暴」並沒有平息,不少國家要求中國尊重裁決。而日本方面也欲「東海發難」,聲稱效尤提請東海油田等問題仲裁。
另一方面,美國和韓國不顧中俄堅決反對,「巧合」地在南海仲裁結果公布前正式宣布在韓部署「薩德」反導彈系統。由於該系統的X波段雷達具有覆蓋大半個中國以及俄羅斯遠東地區的能力,中俄認為該系統的部署嚴重損害中俄的安全和戰略利益,打破了朝鮮半島的戰略平衡。因此,「薩德」的部署毫無疑問是與南海仲裁鬧劇緊密相連,都是美國針對中國的「重返亞太」戰略的重要環節,中國周邊一時戰雲密佈。
南海仲裁薩德部署 美國亞太戰略環節
美國的兩個航母戰鬥群也在「精準時刻」出現在南海,而中國解放軍三大艦隊主力軍艦也「恰好」雲集南海舉行年度演習。在仲裁結果公布後,美軍的兩個航母戰鬥群雖然駛出南海,移至菲律賓以東太平洋海域,但是否隨時重返南海「自由航行」,甚至打着維護南海仲裁案裁決結果的旗號再次「闖進」中國南沙島礁12海里以內範圍,而中國軍艦如何應對?會否「擦槍走火」?頗令人關注。
看得出北京也為局勢的突變感到焦慮,有學者認為,中國「和平崛起」之路正遭遇前所未有的新挑戰,中南海決策層面臨史無前例的大考,稍有失誤,中華民族的復興之路或出現逆轉,或至少遭受重大損失,搞不好以為謀求國家利益最大化,實際會導致國家利益最小化。
中國的「和平崛起」無疑受到新挑戰,但是也並非在意料之外。事實上,中國尋求「和平崛起」以來,也並非未遇到衝突,從最早的「銀河號事件」,1990年代的台海危機,到1999年駐南斯拉夫使館被5枚精確制導導彈「誤炸」,2001年南海撞機,每一次事件都可能使到「和平崛起」逆轉。只不過,目前國際大環境大形勢有所不同,以往由於反恐,美國始終未能將中國放在第一戰略對手位置。而如今由於中東局勢和烏克蘭局勢稍有放緩,美國加快了「重返亞太」的步伐。按照美軍的既定部署,要將六成軍力調到亞太,也就是說,美軍的10個航母戰鬥群理論上要有6個來亞太,現在才來了兩個,中國更大的軍事壓力還在後頭。
經濟台灣東海南海 復興需克三座大山
事實上,要達至在本世紀中葉實現中華民族的偉大復興,至少還有「三座大山」需要攻克:第一,保持經濟持續健康增長,不出現大滑坡,不出現泡沫大爆破。從當下出現的困境看,實屬不易;第二,找到適當解決台灣問題之法,這當然不是「武力攻台」,但國家未能完全統一又如何稱得上「中華民族偉大復興」;第三,南海、東海問題基本解決,國家現代失土基本回歸。所以,中國「和平崛起」不可能一帆風順。北京高層之前常說,中國現處於離「偉大復興」最接近的時刻,看來是低估了未來的風險挑戰。
那麼,應該如何如何去應對新挑戰?沒有永恆不變的現成方程式。再去緬懷過去成功的方針戰略,或者去尋求某一固定的模式,都是錯誤的。新挑戰來了要有新的思維,只能根據不斷變化的形勢所賦予的條件,審時度勢,具體問題具體分析具體應對,有多少好牌打多少好牌,沒有好牌便要「藏拙」,積蓄力量,等待時機,甚至不惜妥協。在「不惹事也不怕事」的大前提下,該硬就硬,該軟就軟。
已故領導人鄧小平提出過「善於守拙,韜光養晦」的策略,其處理釣魚島問題的策略堪稱典範。其時日強我弱,日藉中國改革開放之初急需其資金技術,逼北京承認釣魚島為其所有,鄧小平以「擱置爭議,共同開發」應對,實際就是以時間換取空間。如今中國實力強大了,可以常態化巡邏釣魚島。於是,日本媒體說,釣魚島似乎不知不覺歸還中國了。不過,認為「要韜光養晦100年」就過猶不及了。日本現在要提東海仲裁,中國也無法「韜光養晦」了,只能軟硬兼施。第一,繼續釣魚島常態化巡邏執法;第二,保護好東海已開發的油氣田;第三,絕不參與國際仲裁;第四,可以繼續與日談東海合作開發。
至於說菲律賓要派特使拉莫斯來談,也可以適當讓步,就是開放漁權,允許菲國漁民到黃岩島海域捕魚,換取其認可中方在黃岩島建機場。對於美國戰艦進入12海里,跟蹤監視就可,應盡量避免擦槍走火。總之,今日已經不是八國聯軍火燒圓明園的年代,也不是甲午戰爭、鴉片戰爭年代,中華民族有實力有智慧,可以更加從容應對各種挑戰。

China is faced with new challenges
AS EXPECTED, the ruling in the South China Sea arbitration case filed by the Philippines is totally unfavourable to China. Not only did the court flatly reject China's claim to the "nine-dash line" historical interests, but it also decided Taiping Island to be a "rock" rather than an island. Furthermore, Japan intends to use the East China Sea issue to launch an offensive. It has said it will emulate the Philippines and submit questions about the East China Sea oil field to arbitration.
Meanwhile, Washington and Seoul "accidentally" declared right before the delivery of the South China Sea ruling that a THAAD anti-missile defence unit would be deployed in South Korea.
Two of the United States' carrier battle groups appeared in the South China Sea at the "precise moment", and three People's Liberation Army fleets "happened" to assemble there for an annual exercise.
China is doubtless faced with challenges in its "peaceful rise", but that is by no means unexpected. In the past, because of anti-terror reasons, it was not open to the United States to place China as its number-one strategic opponent. Now the situation in the Middle East and that in Ukraine have eased, it has increased the pace of its return to Asia-Pacific. According to its military's plan, 60% of its military strength should be moved to Asia-Pacific. In other words, six of its ten carrier battle groups will be in the region. As only two are there now, China will subsequently face even greater military pressure.
How should China cope with such new challenges? There is no equation a country should invariably and eternally adhere to. It is wrong to seek any fixed mode or reminisce about any strategy or policy that once led to successes. New challenges necessitate new thinking. China cannot but size up the situation and find specific ways of dealing with specific problems in the light of its ever-changing circumstances. It should play as many good cards as it has. If it lacks good cards, it should hide its weaknesses and bide its time so as to build itself up. It should even be prepared to compromise.
Deng Xiaoping, the late leader, once came up with the "lying low" strategy - that China should "be good at hiding its weaknesses, conceal its strengths and bide its time". One may call his strategy for dealing with the Diaoyu Islands question exemplary. In the first days of Beijing's reform and opening-up drive, the Japanese were strong and we weak. Then China needed money and technology from Japan, and Tokyo seized the opportunity to try to force Beijing to acknowledge Japan's ownership of the Diaoyu Islands. In response, Deng suggested that the two countries should "shelf their disputes and work together to develop the islands". Because China is now so strong as to have the Diaoyu Islands regularly patrolled, it has been said in the Japanese media that they seem to have been unwittingly restored to China. However, as Japan wants to submit questions concerning the East China Sea to arbitration, there is no way China can "lie low". It cannot but employ both soft and hard tactics. It should (1) keep the Diaoyu Islands regularly patrolled and policed, (2) have the existing oil and gas field there adequately protected, (3) never play any part in international arbitration and (4) continue to talk with Japan about developing the East China Sea.
In short, things are no longer such that things like the Opium War and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 are likely to take place. The Chinese people now have such strength and wisdom as to deal with various challenges even more calmly.
和平崛起遇新挑戰 該硬則硬該軟則軟
一如所料,菲律賓提出的南海仲裁案做出完全不利中國的裁決,不但「九段線」的歷史權利被完全否定,連太平島也被認定為「礁」而非「島」。日本方面也欲「東海發難」,聲稱效尤提請東海油田等問題仲裁。
另一方面,美國和韓國不顧中俄堅決反對,「巧合」地在南海仲裁結果公布前正式宣布在韓部署「薩德」反導彈系統。
美國的兩個航母戰鬥群也在「精準時刻」出現在南海,而中國解放軍三大艦隊主力軍艦也「恰好」雲集南海舉行年度演習。
中國的「和平崛起」無疑受到新挑戰,但是也並非在意料之外。以往由於反恐,美國始終未能將中國放在第一戰略對手位置。而如今由於中東局勢和烏克蘭局勢稍有放緩,美國加快了「重返亞太」的步伐。按照美軍的既定部署,要將六成軍力調到亞太,也就是說,美軍的10個航母戰鬥群理論上要有6個來亞太,現在才來了兩個,中國更大的軍事壓力還在後頭。
那麼,應該如何如何去應對新挑戰?沒有永恆不變的現成方程式。再去緬懷過去成功的方針戰略,或者去尋求某一固定的模式,都是錯誤的。新挑戰來了要有新的思維,只能根據不斷變化的形勢所賦予的條件,審時度勢,具體問題具體分析具體應對,有多少好牌打多少好牌,沒有好牌便要「藏拙」,積蓄力量,等待時機,甚至不惜妥協。
已故領導人鄧小平提出過「善於守拙,韜光養晦」的策略,其處理釣魚島問題的策略堪稱典範。其時日強我弱,日藉中國改革開放之初急需其資金技術,逼北京承認釣魚島為其所有,鄧小平以「擱置爭議,共同開發」應對。如今中國實力強大了,可以常態化巡邏釣魚島。於是,日本媒體說,釣魚島似乎不知不覺歸還中國了。不過,日本現在要提東海仲裁,中國也無法「韜光養晦」了,只能軟硬兼施。第一,繼續釣魚島常態化巡邏執法;第二,保護好東海已開發的油氣田;第三,絕不參與國際仲裁;第四,可以繼續與日談東海合作開發。
總之,今日已經不是甲午戰爭、鴉片戰爭年代,中華民族有實力有智慧,可以更加從容應對各種挑戰。

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