2016年5月23日 星期一

奧巴馬訪越南 南海趨巴爾幹化

<轉載自2016523 明報 社評>
美國總統奧巴馬今日開始訪問越南,這是他亞洲之行第一站,本周稍後,他還將到訪日本,出席七國集團(G7)峰會,國際輿論多聚焦於美國總統首次到訪遭受原爆的城市廣島,但對於中國以及南海局勢來說,奧巴馬的訪越更值得關注。
據越美官方宣布,奧巴馬訪越期間,將與越共總書記阮富仲及新當選的越南國家主席陳大光會談,預計雙方將討論安全、防務、經貿等問題。具體而言,雙方將聚焦討論「跨太平洋伙伴關係協定」(TPP)批准與落實程序,以及美方全面解除對越南武器禁運等問題,而更重要的議題,相信就是南海局勢問題。
越南或取代菲律賓 成南海反華領頭羊
在菲律賓總統換人之後,對南海紛爭的態度可能出現溫和轉機之際,越南最近對南海的態度卻轉趨強硬,而且圍繞南海的外交活動十分活躍,大有成為挑戰中國南海主權主張的「領頭羊」之勢。
越南新總理阮春福就任後首次接受外國傳媒訪問,就是對日本傳媒表示,「日本作為地區大國,應該為和平解決(南海問題)發揮積極作用」。上周,阮春福又選擇俄羅斯作為首次出訪的國家,訪俄期間,兩國簽署了多份協議,包括雙方石油公司有關分配越南大陸架天然氣區塊開採的協議。越南駐俄大使阮青山更表示,越南願與俄羅斯發展國防合作,不反對俄國重返金蘭灣軍港。上述舉動顯示,越南正在努力將各種域外勢力引入南海,令南海日益成為巴爾幹式的火藥桶。
上周,當中方宣布為保護漁業資源,從本月16日起至81日實施南海休漁期後,越南外交部高調反對中方此一措施,指其侵犯越南領海主權。相信與往年一樣,南海又將上演越南漁船與中國海警執法船的攻防戰。
國內政經形勢需要 頻頻引入域外勢力
越南之所以在南海紛爭中敢於高調地挑戰中國,既有國內政經原因,也是國際地緣政治環境使然。近年越南經濟發展令人矚目,已成為全球成長最快的新興經濟體之一,今年農業雖然遭遇自然災害,但GDP增幅預計仍有6.2%以上。在去年底召開的越共十二大上,被視為親美的「南方派」代表、前總理阮晉勇卸任,但繼任國家主席的前公安部長陳大光和繼任總理阮春福都是阮晉勇親信,即使被視為「親華派」的越共總書記阮富仲,去年7月也開創了越共黨魁官式訪美的先例。在越共執政面臨國內愈來愈多挑戰的今天,維護南海主權就成了其標榜執政合法性的一張王牌。在此背景下,越南領導層似達成了「經濟上依靠中國,安全上依仗美日,南海寸土不讓」的政策共識。
其實,在南海紛爭中,越南是最大的實際獲利者。在南沙群島具爭議島礁中,越南目前佔據29個,是佔據最多島礁的國家,相對地,中國大陸只佔有7個島礁,而台灣只佔據一個太平島。越南較中國更早在南海島礁填海造陸,據美國「亞洲海事透明倡議」(Asia Maritime Transparency InitiativeAMTI)資料顯示,越南近年在南沙10個島礁填海造陸,其中面積最大的南威島,其天然面積僅0.143平方公里,至今年1月面積已擴大到0.293平方公里。雖然美國國務院17日曾公開敦促越南停止造地行動,預計奧巴馬訪越時也可能會公開發出類似呼籲,但一般預料,這只是美國擺出的「一視同仁」姿態,美國的主要矛頭仍是指向中國。因為美方認為,與中方在南沙填海造陸13平方公里相較,越南填海的0.48平方公里,可謂小巫見大巫。對此,河內也心知肚明,因此對美方的指摘沉默以對,不作回應。
聚焦TPP售武解禁 美越南海戰略互惠
對於美國來說,越南是其重返亞太的重要「支點國家」(Fulcrum Country)。奧巴馬到訪,雖說是美國總統第3度訪越,表面是對去年阮富仲訪美的回訪,實際上卻有更重要意義。據報奧巴馬將就美越關係發表重要講話,在菲律賓政局發生變化後,美國也有重新調整南海遏制中國戰略的需要,在經濟上推動TPP,在戰略上推動售武解禁,都是美越各取所需的戰略互惠。
與此同時,俄羅斯、日本、印度等國都在爭相向越南出售海軍軍備,這些國家也都是越南可以左右逢源的借用力量。可以預期,本周末在日本的G7峰會上,作為特邀與會國出席的越南總理阮春福,又將與奧巴馬、安倍等人,再次挑起南海議題。而下周在新加坡召開的亞洲安全會議上,美日越菲或聯手,將再對中國的主權立場作出新的挑戰,南海紛爭的巴爾幹化程度將會進一步加深。

Obama's Vietnam visit

TODAY (May 23) US President Barack Obama begins his visit to Vietnam, the first stop of his Asia trip. Later this week he is to go to Japan to attend a G7 summit. Most commentators in the world focus on the first visit by a US president to Hiroshima, which was atombombed. However, as far as China is concerned, Obama's Vietnam visit deserves closer attention.
The Philippines, which has now a new president, is likely to become milder about the South China Sea, but Vietnam has recently got tougher. The country is now quite active diplomatically in this regard and is very likely to become the "bellwether" in challenging China's sovereignty over the South China Sea.
There are domestic politico-economic factors in Vietnam's daring to challenge China about the South China Sea, but it is also caused by international geopolitical circumstances. Vietnam's economic development has in recent years drawn much attention. The country is now among the fastest-growing emerging economies in the world. This year it has been visited by natural calamities, but its GDP growth is expected to exceed 6.2%. At the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (which took place towards the end of last year), former Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung (regarded as representative of the pro-American "south faction") stepped down. However, new President Tran Dai Quang (formerly Public Security Minister) and new Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc are Nguyen Tan Dung's trusted lieutenants. Even General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Nguyen Phu Trong, regarded as pro-Chinese, set last July a precedent of a head of the Communist Party of Vietnam officially visiting the US. Now, when the Communist Party of Vietnam (the ruling party) is being faced with more and more challenges at home, it is a trump card it can use to advertise the legitimacy of its being in power to safeguard the country's sovereignty over the South China Sea. Against this backdrop, Vietnamese leaders seem agreed that it should be the country's policy "to rely on China economy-wise and on the US and Japan security-wise and never to budge an inch about the South China Sea".
In fact, Vietnam actually stands to gain more than any other country from South China Sea disputes. It occupies twenty-nine of the Nansha islands and reefs now in dispute, more than any other country. On May 17 this year the State Department of the US openly urged Vietnam to cease reclamation there. Obama is expected to make a similar appeal openly during his Vietnam visit, but it is generally believed that such an appeal will only be a gesture to show the Americans' "nondiscrimination". The Americans' spearhead remains aimed mainly at China, for they think the land Vietnam has obtained by reclamation (only 0.48 square kilometres) in South China Sea is nothing compared with that which China has made there (13 square kilometres). Hanoi knows that very well. It has therefore remained silent instead of saying anything about the Americans' criticism.
To the US, Vietnam is an important "fulcrum country" it can work with in its return to Asia-Pacific. Though Obama's is the third Vietnam visit made by a US president and, on the face of it, it is made in return for the US visit Nguyen Phu Trong made last year, it is actually of greater significance. It is said that Obama will make an important speech on US-Vietnamese relations. Now the political situation has changed in the Philippines, it is necessary for the US to readjust its strategy of using South China Sea disputes to contain China. Effort will be made to push the Trans-Pacific Partnership (economy-wise) and lift the embargo on arms sales to Vietnam (strategy-wise). These are strategic mutual benefits with which Vietnam and the US can get what they respectively need.
One may expect Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc to talk about the South China Sea with such people as Shinzo Abe and Barack Obama next Saturday at the G7 summit as a head of government specially invited to it. At an Asia security conference scheduled for next week in Singapore, the US, Japan, Vietnam and the Philippines may join forces to renew their challenges to China's position on sovereignty. The South China Sea disputes will become more deeply Balkanised.
奧巴馬訪越南 南海趨巴爾幹化
美國總統奧巴馬今日(23日)開始訪問越南,這是他亞洲之行第一站,本周稍後,他還將到訪日本,出席七國集團(G7)峰會,國際輿論多聚焦於美國總統首次到訪遭受原爆的城市廣島,但對於中國來說,奧巴馬的訪越更值得關注。
在菲律賓總統換人之後,對南海紛爭的態度可能出現溫和轉機之際,越南最近對南海的態度卻轉趨強硬,而且圍繞南海的外交活動十分活躍,大有成為挑戰中國南海主權主張的「領頭羊」之勢。
越南之所以在南海紛爭中敢於高調地挑戰中國,既有國內政經原因,也是國際地緣政治環境使然。近年越南經濟發展令人矚目,已成為全球成長最快的新興經濟體之一,今年農業雖然遭遇自然災害,但GDP增幅預計仍有6.2%以上。在去年底召開的越共十二大上,被視為親美的「南方派」代表、前總理阮晉勇卸任,但繼任國家主席的前公安部長陳大光和繼任總理阮春福都是阮晉勇親信,即使被視為「親華派」的越共總書記阮富仲,去年7月也開創了越共黨魁官式訪美的先例。在越共執政面臨國內愈來愈多挑戰的今天,維護南海主權就成了其標榜執政合法性的一張王牌。在此背景下,越南領導層似達成了「經濟上依靠中國,安全上依仗美日,南海寸土不讓」的政策共識。
其實,在南海紛爭中,越南是最大的實際獲利者。在南沙群島具爭議島礁中,越南目前佔據29個,是佔據最多島礁的國家。雖然美國國務院17日曾公開敦促越南停止造地行動,預計奧巴馬訪越時也可能會公開發出類似呼籲,但一般預料,這只是美國擺出的「一視同仁」姿態,美國的主要矛頭仍是指向中國。因為美方認為,與中方在南沙填海造陸13平方公里相較,越南填海的0.48平方公里,可謂小巫見大巫。對此,河內也心知肚明,因此對美方的指摘沉默以對,不作回應。
對於美國來說,越南是其重返亞太的重要「支點國家」(Fulcrum Country)。奧巴馬到訪,雖說是美國總統第3度訪越,表面是對去年阮富仲訪美的回訪,實際上卻有更重要意義。據報奧巴馬將就美越關係發表重要講話,在菲律賓政局發生變化後,美國也有重新調整南海遏制中國戰略的需要,在經濟上推動跨太平洋伙伴關係協定,在戰略上推動售武解禁,都是美越各取所需的戰略互惠。

可以預期,本周末在日本的G7峰會上,作為特邀與會國出席的越南總理阮春福,又將與奧巴馬、安倍等人,再次挑起南海議題。而下周在新加坡召開的亞洲安全會議上,美日越菲或聯手,將再對中國的主權立場作出新的挑戰,南海紛爭的巴爾幹化程度將會進一步加深。

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