<轉載自2019年1月3日 明報 社評>
《告台灣同胞書》發表40周年,國家主席習近平提出5點對台主張(下稱「習五點」),包括首度提出探索「一國兩制台灣方案」,實現和平統一。中共十九大將兩岸統一列為本世紀中葉實現民族復興的重要指標,「習五點」是大陸對台政策重要分水嶺,標誌北京已在研擬統一步驟,要以一國兩制統一台灣,由空泛口號化為具體內容,不管台北由誰執政,北京都會積極接觸台灣各界,推進統一。過去兩年,華府不斷掏空美國「一個中國」政策內涵,為台獨張目,習近平雖然未提統一時間表,惟實際已表明台灣問題不能再拖,各方可能正緩緩走向攤牌的臨界點。
「一國兩制」統一台灣 「習五點」化虛為實
1979年元旦,華府與台北斷交,改與北京建交,同日全國人大常委會發表《告台灣同胞書》,放棄「解放台灣」口號,提出「和平統一」對台新政策。過去40年,「一國兩制、和平統一」始終是北京大原則。習近平講話亦強調,北京不承諾放棄使用武力,針對的是外部勢力干涉和台獨分裂活動,「絕非針對台灣民眾」。前兩任國家主席江澤民和胡錦濤分別提出「江八條」及「胡六點」,闡述對台政策,「習五點」最大不同之處,是清晰勾勒了兩岸統一的路線圖,將統一步驟具體化。
十九大將兩岸統一與本世紀中葉實現民族復興掛鈎,意味統一最遲也要在2040年代末完成,屈指一算,餘下不過是30年時間。1980年代初,北京已提出一國兩制統一台灣,台灣可以保持社會經濟制度和生活方式不變,還可保留軍隊,意味台灣的一國兩制必與港澳有別,然而具體內容鮮有討論。「習五點」的重點,在於首度提出「探索一國兩制台灣方案」,化虛為實。
當年《告台灣同胞書》,提到「寄希望於1700萬台灣人民,也寄希望於台灣當局」,現在習近平僅提到「堅持寄希望於台灣人民」,反映北京對台工作重點已變。無論是「江八條」提倡的兩岸統一和平談判,還是「胡六點」的共商和平協議,談判主體都是兩岸政府授權的代表,可是現在北京當局已不打算再讓台北「換莊」妨礙推進統一,不管台北當局是否合作,北京都會與台灣各界接觸促統。
「習五點」勾勒統一藍圖,政治方面最大突破點,是提出台灣各政黨各階層代表,只要支持「九二共識」反台獨,均可參與協商兩制方案內容,而非北京單方面決定。民生經濟方面,「習五點」提出深化兩岸融合發展,建立兩岸共同市場,實現能源基建聯通,促進兩地人民心靈契合,打好和平統一基礎,習近平還建議,可以率先實現金門馬祖與福建省通水、通電、通氣、通橋。
在蔡英文政府和綠營眼中,這些當然是北京統戰手段,然而由台北市長柯文哲的「兩岸一家親」,到最近的「九合一」選舉,不少台灣人的確希望兩岸交往暢通無阻,做到國民黨韓國瑜所說的「貨出得去,人進得來」,蔡英文要遏阻各縣市政府與大陸交往,並不容易。當然,台灣不少民眾政治上對大陸仍有很大抗拒,然而值得留意的是,去年台灣有綠營背景智庫調查發現,接受兩岸統一的台灣民眾顯著上升,達到26%,首度超過維持現狀的23%,支持台獨比率則由2016年超過五成,降至36%。
不統不獨難永續 美國因素影響大
蔡英文元旦講話,針對兩岸關係提出「四個必須」,批駁「兩岸一家親」,敵意強烈,還搬出「中華民國台灣」的稱呼,骨子裏就是以「兩國論」推動台獨。對於「習五點」倡議探索兩制台灣方案,蔡更急忙「落閘」,強調兩岸政治協商談判,必須以政府對政府模式進行,無人可以代表台灣與大陸政治協商,不過隨着北京將「兩制台灣方案」提上議事日程,早晚會有台灣民間和政界人士對「兩制方案」表達意見,政治缺口一旦打開,往後如何發展,實難預測。
習近平向台灣民眾釋出善意,重提江澤民「中國人不打中國人」的說法,不過同一番話反過來解讀,也可以理解為一旦台灣再沒有多少人自視為中國人,兩岸和平的前提亦不復存在。觀乎兩岸事態發展,不統不獨現狀難望永續,台灣民眾早晚要抉擇。可以想像,最終必然有人選擇統一,也一定有人寄望美國撐腰,孤注一擲選擇獨立,台灣問題發展走向,說到最後還是取決於中美關係。
40年前的《告台灣同胞書》,背景是中美建交,走上合作之路,然而今天「習五點」的背景,卻是華府決意遏制中國,走向對立對抗之路。過去兩年,由台灣旅行法、國防授權法,到最近特朗普簽署《亞洲再保證倡議法案》,華府實際已掏空了美國一中政策,不僅為政府高層訪台打開大門,還透過定期對台售武,變相武裝台灣,將台灣納入印太戰略伙伴。美方加緊利用台灣牽制北京,必為台獨力量「壯膽」,北京要遏制台獨,有必要處理好外部力量對台灣事務的影響,對於美方暗撐明助台獨,單是口頭批評又或「堅決反對」,難有多少阻嚇作用。
Xi Jinping's 5-Point Reunification Proposal for Taiwan
ON the 40th anniversary of the issuance of the "Message to
Compatriots in Taiwan", Chinese President Xi Jinping put forth a
five-point proposal concerning Taiwan (hereafter "the 5-point
proposal"). For the first time it has been proposed that to achieve peaceful
reunification, "a plan of one country, two systems for Taiwan" will
be explored. The 5-point proposal is an important watershed in mainland China's
Taiwan policy. It shows that Beijing is already studying and formulating steps
towards reunification. Beijing will contact different sectors of Taiwan
proactively to pursue reunification, regardless of who is in government in
Taipei. Over the last two years, Washington has been hollowing out the meaning
of its One China policy to give a fillip to Taiwan's independence movement.
Even though Xi Jinping has not proposed a timetable for reunification, he has
in fact made it clear that the mainland will no longer defer tackling the
Taiwan question. All parties involved may slowly be moving to the critical point
of showdown.
In the early 1980s, Beijing proposed reunifying Taiwan by adopting the
policy of one country, two systems. Beijing not only promised that Taiwan could
maintain its socio-economic system and way of life, it even promised that
Taiwan could retain its own army. However, there has been little discussion in
more concrete terms. What is important about the 5-point proposal is that the
idea of "exploring a plan of one country, two systems for Taiwan" is
put forth for the first time and words are now being turned into deeds.
In the reunification plan outlined in the 5-point proposal, the most
important political breakthrough is the suggestion that representatives of any
political party and any social sector in Taiwan who support the 1992 Consensus
and oppose Taiwan's independence may take part in the consultation on the
content of the plan of two systems. It will not be decided by Beijing
unilaterally. In terms of people's livelihood and the economy, to foster
spiritual congeniality between people across the strait and to consolidate the
foundation for peaceful reunification, Xi Jinping has proposed deepening the
integrated development across the Taiwan Strait, building a cross-strait common
market, pursuing connectivity in infrastructure and exchange of energy.
Tsai Ing-wen's administration and the green camp of course see the
proposal as a united front strategy of Beijing. However, it is not easy for
Tsai to stop county and city administrations from having exchanges with
mainland China. It is true that politically many people in Taiwan still
strongly resist mainland China. However, it is worth noting that a survey
conducted last year by a Taiwanese think tank connected with the green camp
found that the percentage of Taiwanese who accepted cross-strait reunification
had increased significantly. It was 26% and for the first time, it exceeded the
percentage of those who wanted to maintain the status quo, which was 23%. The
percentage of those who supported independence had gone down from over 50% in
2016 to 36% last year.
Judging from the development of affairs across the strait, it is hard to
expect the status quo of neither reunification nor independence to remain
unchanged. The Taiwanese people will have to make up their mind sooner or
later. One can imagine that in the end some people will choose reunification
and some will put all the eggs in one basket by choosing independence in the
hope that the US will give them support. In the final analysis, the future
development of the Taiwan question is dependent on Sino-US relations.
With the passage of the Taiwan Travel Act and the National Defense
Authorisation Act in the last two years and the signing of the Asia Reassurance
Initiative Act by Trump recently, the One-China policy of the US has been
hollowed out by Washington. Since the US has stepped up the use of Taiwan to
restrain Beijing, it will definitely embolden Taiwan's pro-independence force.
To curb Taiwan separatism, Beijing must tackle the influence of external forces
on Taiwan's affairs properly. In the face of covert and overt support the US
extends to Taiwan's separatism, mere verbal criticisms or "resolute
opposition" will hardly produce any deterrent effects.
習近平提統一路線圖 台灣抉擇時刻難永避
《告台灣同胞書》發表40周年,國家主席習近平提出5點對台主張(下稱「習五點」),包括首度提出探索「一國兩制台灣方案」,實現和平統一。「習五點」是大陸對台政策重要分水嶺,標誌北京已在研擬統一步驟,不管台北由誰執政,北京都會積極接觸台灣各界,推進統一。過去兩年,華府不斷掏空美國「一個中國」政策內涵,為台獨張目,習近平雖然未提統一時間表,惟實際已表明台灣問題不能再拖,各方可能正緩緩走向攤牌的臨界點。
1980年代初,北京已提出一國兩制統一台灣,台灣可以保持社會經濟制度和生活方式不變,還可保留軍隊,然而具體內容鮮有討論。「習五點」的重點,在於首度提出「探索一國兩制台灣方案」,化虛為實。
「習五點」勾勒統一藍圖,政治方面最大突破點,是提出台灣各政黨各階層代表,只要支持「九二共識」反台獨,均可參與協商兩制方案內容,而非北京單方面決定。民生經濟方面,「習五點」提出深化兩岸融合發展,建立兩岸共同市場,實現能源基建聯通,促進兩地人民心靈契合,打好和平統一基礎。
在蔡英文政府和綠營眼中,這些當然是北京統戰手段,然而蔡英文要遏阻各縣市政府與大陸交往,並不容易。當然,台灣不少民眾政治上對大陸仍有很大抗拒,然而值得留意的是,去年台灣有綠營背景智庫調查發現,接受兩岸統一的台灣民眾顯著上升,達到26%,首度超過維持現狀的23%,支持台獨比率則由2016年超過五成,降至36%。
觀乎兩岸事態發展,不統不獨現狀難望永續,台灣民眾早晚要抉擇。可以想像,最終必然有人選擇統一,也一定有人寄望美國撐腰,孤注一擲選擇獨立,台灣問題發展走向,說到最後還是取決於中美關係。
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