<轉載自2019年1月21日 明報 社評>
為草擬今年的《政府工作報告》,國務院總理李克強上周召開了3場會議,分別聽取國務院部委首腦、專家學者和企業界人士、黨外人士的意見,李克強在會上強調,中央提出保持中國經濟運行在合理區間,意味着允許經濟增速有一定的彈性浮動,但不能大起大落,更不能「斷崖式下跌」。他又說,中國仍是一個發展中國家,發展是第一要務,要牢牢抓住「發展」這個解決中國一切問題的基礎不放。種種迹象顯示,中央將會採取多種手段「保六」,力保2019年中國經濟增幅不低於6%。
無必要增速無穩定 難深化改革調結構
根據社會科學院預測,2019年中國國內生產總值(GDP)增長率為6.3%,比去年略減0.3個百分點。而世界銀行首席經濟師、北京大學教授林毅夫的預測更為樂觀,認為今年內地GDP增幅可達6.5%,僅較去年少0.1個百分點。
在出席李克強座談會時,社科院學部委員余永定發言主題就是「保持經濟必要增速」,他在發言中提出,「如果沒有必要的增長速度,所有穩定性指標都會惡化,結構調整、經濟體制改革等長期問題將無從談起或難以推進」。阿里巴巴創辦人馬雲也表示,非常贊成「發展是解決一切問題的基礎和關鍵」,認為「『防風險』要明確定義,不能忽略經濟下滑和就業的風險」。
近月來,內地投資、消費增幅都呈下滑趨勢,去年12月份進口額和生產者價格指數(PPI)亦低於預期,令人擔憂2019年的中國經濟增幅將見1989年以來新低,甚至出現通縮。另一方面,內地城鎮新增勞動力逾1500萬,其中大學畢業生達834萬人,再創新高,就業壓力空前。
值得注意的是,李克強在座談會上多番強調要「緊扣重要戰略機遇新內涵」、「為全面建成小康社會收官打下決定性基礎」,其中「戰略機遇期」一般是指和平的外部環境給中國帶來的機遇,從副總理劉鶴已宣布月底訪美看,貿易戰即使不會完全結束,戰火擴大的可能性也較低,這大概就是戰略機遇期的「新內涵」;至於「全面建成小康社會收官」,則是指中央提出的2020年全面建成小康社會目標,現已臨近終局埋單階段。
按照官方標準,2020年建成小康社會,指標包括GDP比2000年翻兩番,人均超過3000美元;城鎮居民人均可支配收入1.8萬元(人民幣,下同)、農村居民家庭人均純收入8000元等。而據全國政協副主席兼國家發改委主任何立峰日前透露,預計中國2018年人均GDP已接近1萬美元,已躋身中等偏上收入國家之列,這也就引發出中國經濟的另一個隱憂:能否跨越「中等收入陷阱」(Middle Income Trap)?
「中等收入陷阱」是指一國的人均GNI(以購買力平價衡量的總收入)超過1000美元後,由於發展模式未能轉型,導致新增長動力不足,最終出現經濟停滯徘徊。回顧歷史,日、韓、星3國都是在晉身中等收入20年之際更上層樓,躋身高收入國家(人均GNI約1.2萬美元以上)行列,而馬來西亞、泰國、巴西、南非4國則在達到中等收入20年後,經濟未有明顯起色,至今也未成為高收入國家。
2019年將是中國進入中等收入行列的第18個年頭,2018年內地居民人均可支配收入預計將近29,000元,是否能跨越中等收入陷阱,今明兩年是最緊要關頭。
機遇期又逢小康收官 慎防墮中等收入陷阱
戰略機遇期既有新內涵,又逢全面建成小康社會收官期,再加上中等收入陷阱的前車之鑑,這就是李克強不能讓內地經濟增速「斷崖式下跌」的最大理由。為經濟「保六」,中央已祭出多種手段,除了央行「降準」之外,人大常委會又授權國務院提前下達2019年地方政府新發債13,900億元;相關部門正在起草文件,219個國家級經濟技術開發區有望獲得更多改革自主權,以穩住外資;在漸次披露的各地方的《政府工作報告》中,加快5G產業佈局以及推進鐵路、地鐵等重大工程基建成為今年的重點。
內地的城鄉差距和東西部差距仍大,有統計數據披露,內地14億人中至少有10億人還沒有坐過飛機,至少5億人還未用上抽水馬桶。城市化的潛力和潛在的消費需求都是巨大的,於是在國家減稅的刺激方案中,有經濟學家提出:只有令這10億人有錢花,經濟才能被刺激,內需才能真正擴大。
不過,內地經濟要警惕一收就死、一放就亂的惡性循環,避免重蹈2008年4萬億放水導致資產泡沫的覆轍,尤其要嚴防地方政府鬆綁樓市限購、重走土地財政的老路,防範金融風險。令人欣慰的是,李克強多番重申,「不依賴傳統路徑」、「堅持不搞『大水漫灌』」,果真如此,保住的6%增速才是難能可貴的。
6% growth target of the Chinese economy
LAST week Premier Li Keqiang convened three meetings. During these
meetings Li stressed that the central government had proposed that the Chinese
economy should be operating within a reasonable range. This implies that while
the central government allows a certain degree of flexibility for economic
acceleration, wild vacillations will not be tolerated, let alone allowing the
economy to fall off a cliff.
In recent months, investment and consumption acceleration have shown a
downward trend. Imports and the Producer Price Index for last December were
also lower than expectations, leading to worries that China's economic growth
in 2019 will hit the lowest point since 1989 with even the possibility of
deflation. On the other hand, mainland cities and towns have added more than 15
million people to the labour force, and 8.34 million of them are university
graduates. This is a new high, marking unprecedented pressure for the
employment market.
According to official benchmarks, the "fairly well-off
society" which should come into being in 2020 should have treble the GDP
of 2000, with GDP per capita exceeding US$ 3,000. The disposable income of
residents per capita in towns should be 18,000 RMB, and the per capita net
income of members of households living in villages should be 8,000 RMB. It is
forecast that by 2018 China's GDP per capita had already approached US$ 10,000,
so China already ranks among countries of upper middle incomes. This has given
another cause for concern: will China overcome the Middle Income Trap?
The Middle Income Trap refers to a country's failure to transform its
mode of development after its Gross National Income (GNI, the total income calculated
on the basis of purchasing power parity) per capita exceeds US$ 1,000, which
results in the lack of new impetus for growth and ultimately economic
stagnation. Historically, while Japan, South Korea and Singapore succeeded in
climbing to the ranks of high-income countries (with GNI per capita upwards of
US$12,000) 20 years after they became middle-income ones, an economic
turnaround did not occur to Malaysia, Thailand, Brazil and South Africa after
the same time interval. All of them have yet to become high-income countries.
2019 marks the 18th year after China became a middle-income country.
Last year mainland residents' disposable income per capita approached 29,000
RMB. Whether the country will overcome the Middle Income Trap hugely hinges on
this year and next year.
In mainland China, the discrepancy between town and country and between
East and West remains wide. Statistics show that of the country's 1.4 billion
people, one billion have never travelled by plane, and at least 500 million do
not have a flush toilet at home. The potential of urbanisation and the demand
for consumption are huge. That is why an economist suggests in the country's
tax-reduction stimulus package that only by encouraging these one billion
people to spend money can the economy be stimulated and domestic demand be
truly expanded.
That said, there is a need for vigilance against the mainland economy's
famous vicious cycle: when rules are tightened, it goes into the doldrums, and
when they are relaxed, into a shambles. The asset bubbles caused by the
four-trillion-RMB stimulus plan in 2008 were a mistake that should be avoided.
A relaxation of home purchase restrictions by local governments and a repeat of
land-oriented finances, in particular, must be guarded against, as financial
risks must be prevented. It is a comfort to hear Li's reiteration that China
"will not rely on the old path" and "will be firmly against the
practice of flooding the market with money". Only a 6% growth achieved
this way will be treasurable.
中國經濟保六 力防增速斷崖
國務院總理李克強上周召開了3場會議。李克強在會上強調,中央提出保持中國經濟運行在合理區間,意味着允許經濟增速有一定的彈性浮動,但不能大起大落,更不能「斷崖式下跌」。
近月來,內地投資、消費增幅都呈下滑趨勢,去年12月份進口額和生產者價格指數(PPI)亦低於預期,令人擔憂2019年的中國經濟增幅將見1989年以來新低,甚至出現通縮。另一方面,內地城鎮新增勞動力逾1500萬,其中大學畢業生達834萬人,再創新高,就業壓力空前。
按照官方標準,2020年建成小康社會,指標包括GDP比2000年翻兩番,人均超過3000美元;城鎮居民人均可支配收入1.8萬元(人民幣,下同)、農村居民家庭人均純收入8000元等。而預計中國2018年人均GDP已接近1萬美元,已躋身中等偏上收入國家之列,這也就引發出中國經濟的另一個隱憂:能否跨越「中等收入陷阱」(Middle Income Trap)?
「中等收入陷阱」是指一國的人均GNI(以購買力平價衡量的總收入)超過1000美元後,由於發展模式未能轉型,導致新增長動力不足,最終出現經濟停滯徘徊。回顧歷史,日、韓、星3國都是在晉身中等收入20年之際更上層樓,躋身高收入國家(人均GNI約1.2萬美元以上)行列,而馬來西亞、泰國、巴西、南非4國則在達到中等收入20年後,經濟未有明顯起色,至今也未成為高收入國家。
2019年將是中國進入中等收入行列的第18個年頭,2018年內地居民人均可支配收入預計將近29,000元,是否能跨越中等收入陷阱,今明兩年是最緊要關頭。
內地的城鄉差距和東西部差距仍大,有統計數據披露,內地14億人中至少有10億人還沒有坐過飛機,至少5億人還未用上抽水馬桶。城市化的潛力和潛在的消費需求都是巨大的,於是在國家減稅的刺激方案中,有經濟學家提出:只有令這10億人有錢花,經濟才能被刺激,內需才能真正擴大。
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