<轉載自2018年4月16日 明報 社評>
美國國會科學與太空科技委員會本月11日舉行聽證會,提出要預防中國留學生竊取美國科研成果。聯邦調查局長雷爾2月份稱中國留學生構成間諜威脅,總統特朗普上月宣布對中國進口鋁鋼提高關稅的同時,亦考慮限制中國留學生簽證。各種迹象表明,美國將以中國留學生簽證為籌碼,與中國較量,不過,減少中國留學生數目未必就會減慢中國人才累積,長遠還會影響到兩國的文化交流。
特朗普之心路人皆見 兩國對壘勿影響民間交流
特朗普政府上台之後,全面針對中國崛起,全方位吹起進攻號角,軍事上、外交上以及經貿上,都是明刀明槍的舉動,雖然特朗普每每在發動新一輪進攻的同時,都聲稱跟習近平關係良好,十分尊重「習主席」,但司馬昭之心路人皆見。
中美兩國對壘是國家層面的交鋒,而文化交往畢竟屬民間交流範疇,中國實行改革開放之初,鄧小平1979年訪美,兩國第一個共識就是恢復文化交流,當年美國對中國發出523個留學生簽證,到2016年有35萬名中國學生在美就讀,從中可見兩國在文化交流方面的緊密程度。
美國每年有100萬外國留學生,為美國帶來369億美元收益,亦為美國提供45萬個就業職位,其中中國留學生人數佔三分之一,經濟貢獻120億美元。自從特朗普上台後,發出留學生簽證的數量減少了17%,打破了911事件以後連續11年持續增加的勢頭,首次出現新生註冊人數下降。原因包括特朗普對伊斯蘭國家的旅遊限制令;美國白人至上的思潮氾濫,導致針對外國人的暴力事件增加;以及各級官員不斷發出懷疑伊朗和中國留學生有間諜嫌疑的言論。
美國當局或許不稀罕這區區的經濟收益,但中國留學生以聰穎與勤勞見稱,大學晚上燈火通明的實驗室裏,多半有中國留學生身影,美國很多重大的科研突破,都有中國留學生的功勞,中國學生到了美國,完成學業後未必一定回國,部分會留在美國發展,作出貢獻。
美國的情報機關或許可以找出幾個零星的案例,說明有中國留學生將研究成果帶回中國,但如今在美留學的中國留學生,自費學生佔九成,他們考慮的是個人發展前途,攻讀本科的比例,3年前已經超過研究生的人數,他們並無竊取情報的能力。間諜竊取情報是國家行為,即使有也屬個別事件,美國是一個成熟國家,目前出現從總統到聯邦調查局長,以及國會的委員會出面要求關注中國留學生間諜行為,一點也不尋常,由美國重返亞太到近期向中國叫打貿易戰,處處看到美國遏制中國崛起之企圖。
國際的競爭,美國軍事上仍佔絕對優勢,中國只能逐步靠自己追上,中國已經不缺乏資金,但在科技上相對於美國整體上仍然落後,國人自費出國學習,掌握了科技及管理的技能,回國發展轉化成經濟實力。而各個方面的競爭都需要人才去創造與管理,人才之爭是今後國際實力競爭之本。中國很多留學生都有畢業後留在美國發展的意向,但畢竟中國的發展機會愈來愈多,現在留學生學成回國的比率已達八成多,他們當中,有在美國工作了一段時間,帶着管理經驗回國的,也有在科研機構從事了研究一段長時間,帶着對科研領域的未來發展方向或者構思回國的,這些人才回到中國,對國家的整體實力提升,做出很大的貢獻。美國人實際的憂慮也在於此。
中共建政之初回國的留學生,很多是具有愛國情懷的,但也有是因為在美國受到歧視而回國的,無論是什麼原因,這批留學生回國之後的確為國家發展作出巨大貢獻,其中原子彈和氫彈的研製,就有那時回國留學生的智慧與汗水。可以理解,正正是這些歷史片段,讓特朗普和國會議員,擔心美國是在替中國培養人才。
狹隘思想作祟 美國錯失寶貴人才貢獻
其實,國家之間人員往來愈頻繁,交流的機會愈多,就會更明白對方的歷史文化,衝突誤判的機會相應減少,現在美國藉口中國留學生從事間諜,打算以限制手段從源頭上減少留學生人數,說到底實在是狹隘的思想在作祟,不單無助兩國的思想文化交流,就是對美國本身而言,也肯定得不償失,會錯失許多珍貴人才貢獻其聰明才智的機會。
Limiting student visas to contain China's rise
AT a hearing held by the US House Committee on Science, Space and
Technology on 11th April, it was proposed that efforts should be made to
prevent the theft of US research and development achievements by Chinese
students. Back in February, FBI director Wray talked about intelligence risks
posed by Chinese students. President Trump also pondered whether to impose
restrictions on student visas for Chinese nationals when he raised tariffs on
imported aluminium and steel from China last month. All this has clearly shown
that the US intends to use student visas for Chinese as a gaming chip in its
rivalry with China. However, admitting fewer Chinese students to the US may not
necessarily slow down the expansion of China's pool of talent. Rather, it may
affect cultural exchanges between the two countries in the long run.
By crossing swords with each other, the Chinese and US administrations
engage in a rivalry on a national level. Still, cultural exchanges between the
two countries belong to the domain of civil societies. When Deng Xiaoping
visited the US in 1979 at the beginning of China's reform and opening up, the
resumption of cultural exchanges was their first consensus. That year, the US
issued 523 student visas to Chinese nationals. In 2016, there were 350,000
Chinese students studying in the States. From this number one can tell the
closeness of the two sides in terms of cultural exchanges.
Around 1 million international students study in the US every year,
generating a revenue of US $36.9 billion and providing 450,000 jobs for the country.
Students from China account for one third of all international students and
contribute US$ 12 billion to the US economy. However, the number of all student
visas issued has dropped 17% since Trump took office. The number of new foreign
students enrolled has also dropped for the first time, reversing a rising trend
that continued for 11 consecutive years after 9/11.
The US intelligence agencies might jump to the conclusion that Chinese
students are taking their research outcomes back to China citing just a few
isolated cases. But now 90% of all Chinese studying in the US pay their tuition
themselves and are concerned about nothing else but developing their personal
careers. In fact, undergraduate students, incapable of stealing critical
information, overtook graduate students as the biggest Chinese student group
three years ago. Espionage activities are acts of states that, even if they
exist, should be taken as isolated incidents. The United States is a fully
fledged nation. It is extraordinary that officials ranging from its President,
FBI director to members of a House committee have voiced concern about
espionage activities by Chinese students. From Washington's "return to
Asia Pacific" strategy to its recent moves to take on China in a trade
war, signs of the US trying to contain China's rise are evident.
People with creativity or managerial skills are well sought after on all
fronts of competition. One may say the race for talent will be the backbone of
future competition for international strength. Currently more than 80% of
Chinese overseas students return to homeland after finishing their studies
abroad. By returning to China, they make significant contribution to the
elevation of the country's overall strength. This is exactly what the US is really
worrying about.
The accusation that Chinese students are spies is a pretext used by the
US for introducing visa restrictions with the purpose of reducing the number of
Chinese overseas students at source. Such a move reflects the US's narrow view
of the world, which will be of zero help to the mutual exchange of thoughts and
culture. By doing so, the US will also pass up many precious opportunities of
attracting brains. Certainly such kind of mindset will bring the US more harm
than good.
排拒留學生 美國遏制中國又一招
美國國會科學與太空科技委員會本月11日舉行聽證會,提出要預防中國留學生竊取美國科研成果。聯邦調查局長雷爾2月份稱中國留學生構成間諜威脅,總統特朗普上月宣布對中國進口鋁鋼提高關稅的同時,亦考慮限制中國留學生簽證。各種迹象表明,美國將以中國留學生簽證為籌碼,與中國較量,不過,減少中國留學生數目未必就會減慢中國人才累積,長遠還會影響到兩國的文化交流。
中美兩國對壘是國家層面的交鋒,而文化交往畢竟屬民間交流範疇,中國實行改革開放之初,鄧小平1979年訪美,兩國第一個共識就是恢復文化交流,當年美國對中國發出523個留學生簽證,到2016年有35萬名中國學生在美就讀,從中可見兩國在文化交流方面的緊密程度。
美國每年有100萬外國留學生,為美國帶來369億美元收益,亦為美國提供45萬個就業職位,其中中國留學生人數佔三分之一,經濟貢獻120億美元。自從特朗普上台後,發出留學生簽證的數量減少了17%,打破了911事件以後連續11年持續增加的勢頭,首次出現新生註冊人數下降。
美國的情報機關或許可以找出幾個零星的案例,說明有中國留學生將研究成果帶回中國,但如今在美留學的中國留學生,自費學生佔九成,他們考慮的是個人發展前途,攻讀本科的比例,3年前已經超過研究生的人數,他們並無竊取情報的能力。間諜竊取情報是國家行為,即使有也屬個別事件,美國是一個成熟國家,目前出現從總統到聯邦調查局長,以及國會的委員會出面要求關注中國留學生間諜行為,一點也不尋常,由美國重返亞太到近期向中國叫打貿易戰,處處看到美國遏制中國崛起之企圖。
各個方面的競爭都需要人才去創造與管理,人才之爭是今後國際實力競爭之本。現在中國留學生學成回國的比率已達八成多,這些人才回到中國,對國家的整體實力提升,做出很大的貢獻。美國人實際的憂慮也在於此。
美國藉口中國留學生從事間諜,打算以限制手段從源頭上減少留學生人數,說到底實在是狹隘的思想在作祟,不單無助兩國的思想文化交流,就是對美國本身而言,也肯定得不償失,會錯失許多珍貴人才貢獻其聰明才智的機會。
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