<轉載自2021年3月12日 明報 社評>
全國人大通過關於「完善香港特別行政區選舉制度」的決定(下稱《決定》),落實「愛國者治港」。香港回歸24年,人大《決定》是歷史分水嶺,香港選舉制度和政治生態迎來一次大重設(reset),整體修改方向,跟多年來港人所談的政改有很大差別,《決定》稱之為「發展適合香港實際情况的民主制度」,反對者則視之為「民主倒退」,然而不管認同與否,「大重設」就是眼前的政治現實,所有人都要面對和適應。歷史沒有如果,必須向前看,香港政治進入適應調整期,各方面都需要時間再磨合,在堅持「愛國者治港」這一前提下,若能有多些包容,除了可以保障社會多元,相信亦有助中央與港人加強互信,有利一國兩制行穩致遠。
審查委員會權力未明 從政空間看處事尺度
全國人大《決定》共計9條,內容跟之前中央官員的說法大致一樣,包括重組選委會及擴大其權力、立法會議席產生方式有變、設立「候選人資格審查委員會」、授權人大常委會修改《基本法》附件一及二等,未見有更多新的細節。《決定》提到有關行政長官選舉辦法的修改,主要是因應選委會增加第5界別、委員人數增加至1500而作出的技術調整,第5界別除了港區全國人大政協成員外,還有哪些全國團體可以安排港區成員參與其中,目前並不清楚;立法會議席增至90人,由選委會推選的議席,跟功能組別及分區直選議席的比例,究竟是「4:3:2」還是「3:3:3」?參選者要取得多少選委提名、提名者是否必須涵蓋5個界別,《決定》亦未觸及,這些政改關鍵細節,相信稍後將由人大常委會決定。
在香港,多年來有關政改的討論,大方向都是如何增加直選成分,現在的選舉制度修訂,方向是立法會重新加入選委會議席、分區直選議席比重下降,客觀上確是背道而馳。當然,從中央角度,近年香港的政治發展,特別是反修例風暴,已危及一國兩制和國家安全,為了遏制港獨、暴力、勾結外部勢力和政治攬炒,無論是訂立《港區國安法》還是修改香港選舉制度,都是堵塞制度缺口。
「愛國愛港者治港、反中亂港者出局」,是中央修改香港選舉制度的核心,從一人一票政治理念來看,立法會分區直選議席比例是「2:3:4」還是「3:3:3」,當然有重要分別,然而放在權力政治天秤審視,兩者差別有多大,各方相信亦心中有數。回歸初期,立法會曾有小量選委議席,現在中央再度賦予選委會產生「較大比例」的立法會議員,論制度設計,並非嶄新事物;相比之下,《決定》規定設立候選人資格審查委員會,負責審查並確認選委會、行政長官及立法會議員候選人的資格,卻是全新創制,各方並不知道委員會如何組成、具體如何運作、是否單純取代現時選舉主任的角色,還是會被賦予更多權力去履行審查工作。審查委員會的處事方式和尺度,會直接影響香港政治空間,圍繞委員會的各種「未知」,現在只能觀望。
有建制派立法會議員認為,修改選舉制度落實「愛國者治港」,「香港政治生態會更健康」;泛民人士則認為,民主派參政空間將收窄,「民意難以在體制內反映」。對於未來會否繼續參與選舉,有傳統泛民政黨表示,需要時間考慮,暫時未有定論。被視為中央對港事務智囊的田飛龍則認為,香港選舉制度改變,對建制派和非建制派都是重要考驗,中央要的不是橡皮圖章或「忠誠廢物」,建制派要面向市民,接受問責,至於非建制派則是機遇和挑戰同在,重點是要跟激進派切割,不以「攬炒」、「黑暴」或「港獨」來撈政治資本。
決定提「愛國者為主體」 高包容度可穩定人心
有關「泛民人士未來能否參選」、「體制內會否還有泛民聲音」一類問題,需要跳出「黃藍」思維,放在新制度框架看待。過去10年,泛民激進化,陣營內主張溫和路線的人被排擠,新制度下卻是後者有從政空間,前者卻沒有了。若只以泛民主流派近年的政治鬥爭路線為基準,新制度下真的未必再有「泛民」;若將昔日陣營內的溫和派重新視為同道人,則體制內仍有機會存在「泛民聲音」。當然,近年變得激進化的,不僅是泛民,還有其支持者,經過反修例風暴和前年區議會選舉,他們是否願意投票給這些曾被邊緣化的人,仍是一大疑問。
香港經歷了反修例風暴這場「政治大攤牌」,已無法回到從前,只能向前看。人大這次《決定》,標誌香港選舉政治一次「大重設」,除非不再打算以香港為家,否則每個人都要設法適應新形勢新變化。香港面對眾多社會深層次矛盾,要有賢能愛國者治港,「愛國者」範圍劃得闊一些,可以物色的賢能治港者一定更多。當年鄧小平表示港人治港「以愛國者為主體」,「主體」一詞為香港留下了較多政治彈性和包容空間,最近中央談及「愛國者治港」,甚少再用這個表述,令人關注治港者的標準會否收窄,然而值得留意的是,人大《決定》交代完善香港選舉制度的宗旨時,又再提到「確保以愛國者為主體的港人治港」這一說法。中央要貫徹愛國者治港,在此大前提下,若能對不同政見人士給予最大限度包容,對於穩定人心,逐步加強中央與香港的政治互信,將是一件好事。
HK's 'perfected' electoral system
The National People's Congress (NPC) has adopted the decision on "Perfecting the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") so as to put into practice the idea of "Hong Kong governed by patriots".
The NPC's Decision consists of nine articles, which in terms of content are pretty much the same as previous statements made by officials of the central government. The decision includes the reorganisation of the Election Committee and the expansion of its powers, changes in the way Legislative Council (LegCo) seats are returned, the establishment of a "candidate qualification review committee", and authorisation of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) to amend Annexes I and II of the Basic Law, but there are no more new details. The Decision mentions the amendments to the election method for the Chief Executive, which will be made mainly to technically accommodate the addition of the fifth sector in the Election Committee and the increase in the number of Election Committee members to 1,500. Apart from Hong Kong's members of the NPC and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, it is unclear at the moment which national organisations can arrange for their members in Hong Kong to participate in the Election Committee. The number of seats in LegCo will increase to 90. What will be the ratio between seats returned by the Election Committee, functional constituency and direct geographical constituency elections? Will it be "4:3:2" or "3:3:3"? The Decision has not touched on the number of election committee nominations that a candidate must clinch and whether the nominators must span five sectors either. It is believed that these crucial details will be decided by the NPCSC later.
In Hong Kong, discussions about political reforms over the years have generally centred around how to increase the proportion of direct elections. Now the amendment of the electoral system is geared towards the reintroduction of Election Committee seats in LegCo and the reduction in the proportion of seats returned by direct geographical constituency elections in different districts. Objectively speaking, this is an opposite direction. Of course, from the point of view of the central government, the political development of Hong Kong in recent years — especially the anti-extradition storm — has endangered "One Country, Two Systems" and national security. In order to curb Hong Kong independence, violence, collusion with external forces and the political scorched earth ideology, the enactment of the "National Security Law for Hong Kong" and the alterations to Hong Kong's electoral system are both aimed at closing institutional loopholes.
"Hong Kong should be run by patriots and Hong Kong-lovers, and those who oppose China and bring chaos to Hong Kong should be out." This is the core idea that underpins the central government's amendment of Hong Kong's electoral system. From the perspective of the political ideal of "one person, one vote", whether the ratio of directly elected seats in LegCo is "2:3:4" or " 3:3:3" is of course very important. However, as far as the balance of political power is concerned, all sides know how much difference there will be. In the early days after the handover, LegCo had a small number of seats from the Election Committee. Now the central government has once again authorised the Election Committee to return a "larger proportion" of LegCo members. As far as the design of the system is concerned, it is not entirely new. In contrast, it is something new that the Decision stipulates that a Candidate Qualification Review Committee should be established and made responsible for reviewing and confirming the qualifications of candidates for the Election Committee, the Chief Executive and the LegCo elections. No one knows how the committee will be formed, how it will operate, and whether it will simply take over the current tasks of Returning Officers or they will be given more power to conduct the scrutiny of candidates. How and on how big a scale the new committee will perform its work will have a direct bearing on Hong Kong's political space. With the various "unknowns" surrounding the committee, we can only wait and see.
香港選舉制度「大重設」 包容度愈高愈利互信
全國人大通過關於「完善香港特別行政區選舉制度」的決定(下稱《決定》),落實「愛國者治港」。
全國人大《決定》共計9條,內容跟之前中央官員的說法大致一樣,包括重組選委會及擴大其權力、立法會議席產生方式有變、設立「候選人資格審查委員會」、授權人大常委會修改《基本法》附件一及二等,未見有更多新的細節。《決定》提到有關行政長官選舉辦法的修改,主要是因應選委會增加第5界別、委員人數增加至1500而作出的技術調整,第5界別除了港區全國人大政協成員外,還有哪些全國團體可以安排港區成員參與其中,目前並不清楚;立法會議席增至90人,由選委會推選的議席,跟功能組別及分區直選議席的比例,究竟是「4:3:2」還是「3:3:3」?參選者要取得多少選委提名、提名者是否必須涵蓋5個界別,《決定》亦未觸及,這些政改關鍵細節,相信稍後將由人大常委會決定。
在香港,多年來政改討論大方向都是如何增加直選成分,現在的選舉制度修訂,方向是立法會重添選委會議席、減少分區直選議席比重,客觀上確是背道而馳。當然,從中央角度,近年香港的政治發展,特別是反修例風暴,已危及一國兩制和國家安全,為遏港獨、暴力、勾結外部勢力和政治攬炒,無論是訂立《港區國安法》還是修改香港選舉制度,都是堵塞制度缺口。
「愛國愛港者治港、反中亂港者出局」,是中央修改香港選舉制度的核心,從一人一票政治理念來看,立法會分區直選議席比例是「2:3:4」還是「3:3:3」,當然有重要分別,然而放在權力政治天秤審視,兩者差別有多大,各方相信亦心中有數。回歸初期,立法會曾有小量選委議席,現在中央再度賦予選委會產生「較大比例」的立法會議員,論制度設計,並非嶄新事物;相比之下,《決定》規定設立候選人資格審查委員會,負責審查並確認選委會、行政長官及立法會議員候選人的資格,卻是全新創制,各方並不知道委員會如何組成、具體如何運作、是否單純取代現時選舉主任的角色,還是會被賦予更多權力去履行審查工作。審查委員會的處事方式和尺度,會直接影響香港政治空間,圍繞委員會的各種「未知」,現在只能觀望。
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