<轉載自2021年3月15日 明報 社評>
中央官員一連三日在香港舉行座談會,就「完善特區選舉制度」聽取意見,未來立法會3類議席分佈、選委會職權行使,以及資格審查委員會構成運作等,成為各方關注焦點。中央要將「反中亂港」分子排除在政權機關之外,香港選舉制度「大重設」,具體方案設計,既要堅持「一國」,亦要維護香港社會獨特性,穩妥的制度設計,可以保障社會多元,顧全整體利益,避免向既得利益傾斜,同時鼓勵不同持份者溝通縮窄分歧。新的選舉制度安排,需要反映社會多元,讓議會內有不同聲音,未來立法會議席比例,地區直選、功能組別及選委會代表各佔30席,論開放性和包容性,均較「2:3:4」或「2:2:5」可取。
直選議席不宜大削 「3:3:3」方案相對可取
香港經歷了反修例風暴,中央認為港獨、暴力、勾結外部勢力和政治攬炒,直接挑戰「一國」底線,修改香港選舉制度,為的是在體制內杜絕這些活動,任何人不與這4類行為清晰切割,不可能再在體制立足,這是中央強調的大前提;與此同時,中央似乎亦想釋出一個信息,即願意就選舉制度的一些細節安排,諮詢香港社會意見。人大法工委副主任張勇昨天提到「聞異則喜」,強調法律制定不會以人人滿意為目標,但希望定出來的法律,所有人都可以接受和遵守,相信香港各界亦期望,中央可以在選舉制度修訂上,找出一個符合港情、能夠照顧社會多元性的「最大公約數」。
未來立法會將增至90席,人大常委會副委員長王晨早前提到,將由選委會選舉產生「較大比例」的立法會議員,有人認為地區直選、功能組別和選委會議席,應成「3:3:3」之比,有人則主張「2:3:4」甚至「2:2:5」。我們認為,這3個選項中,「3:3:3」是一個較為適合香港的安排。
過去10年,香港社會撕裂不斷加深,政治生態愈益激進化,議會內外鬥爭激烈,事事政治化,癱瘓施政但求攬炒,變成了拉布的真正目標。立法會直選奉行比例代表制,激進路線、民粹主義和極端主張容易上位,改變分區直選方式,可以減少政治光譜碎片化;至於貫徹「愛國者治港」,立法會加入選委議席,加上提名門檻和資格審查委員會,應已足夠,大幅削減分區直選議席,過猶不及,並無必要。
立法會功能組別,反映的是不同行業或界別意見。選委會方面,中央認為完善其構成,可以反映社會不同階層、不同行業和持份者的聲音,做到均衡參與,惟參與者有限,始終是其不足之處。相比之下,分區直選仍是最能讓一般市民直接表達意見的參與方式,比起「2:3:4」或「2:2:5」,「3:3:3」較能能反映社會多元聲音;一個重視開放和參與的政治制度,亦應多些鼓勵從政者在地區深耕細作連繫群眾,大減分區直選議席,只會製造更多政治疏離感,未必有利長遠政治穩定。
選委會擴權後,不僅負責產生部分立法會議席,在候選人提名方面也扮演角色。一如立法會,選委會的組成,亦應顧及社會多元性,更要避免由既得利益集團把持。重組後的選委會有5個界別,簡單而言是工商界、專業界、基層與勞工界、原政界,以及全國組織在港代表。前三者反映的是社會階層構成,後兩者則屬政治上層建築。香港社會謀改革求發展,工商界、專業界和基層的聲音應該相若,至於每一界別內的構成,亦應體現改革意志和決心。舉例說,目前金融界和保險界,未能全面代表香港高端金融產業,科技方面亦只代表資訊科技,未能代表生物科技和醫藥等其他重要科技產業。香港經濟若要升級轉型、走上高科技發展之路,適當調整工商界和專業界的構成,應有一定幫助。
若與「反中亂港」切割 「和理非」可入閘參選
當年鄧小平表示,港人治港以愛國者為主體,左翼當然要有,也要有些右的,「最好是多選些中間的人」。事隔數十年,香港需要的仍是這種政治包容和開容性,最近內地官員再三強調「不搞清一色」,港人也不希望政治光譜變得過度側向一邊。立法會參選方面,無論選委會的提名門檻,還是候選人資格審查委員會的工作,都應該體現「不搞清一色」這一點。
張曉明提到, 不能將「反中亂港」分子,與反對派或泛民簡單畫上等號。但凡願意與港獨、暴力和外部勢力干預切割,真正信奉「和理非」(和平、理性、非暴力)的人,都應該可以「入閘」參選。人大決定提到,參選行政長官,要在選委會5個界別都取得一定提名,這一嚴格要求,很難套用到參選立法會之上,要所有立法會參選人同時取得工商界和勞工基層界選委支持,似乎亦不現實,一個合理合度的門檻,有利反映社會多元性,亦可避免過度放大某一界別對參選者的影響力。審查委員會的構成,應該盡量多邀社會有名望的人士參與,至於實際操作,亦應該有「具意義」的上訴機制,讓被拒入閘者有申訴機會。香港社會兩極化,讓中間力量、溫和聲音有更多政治空間,可以促進溝通對話,有助修補社會撕裂。一個穩妥的選舉制度設計,有助香港政治朝這方向改變。
Equitable distribution of LegCo seats
Central government officials are holding a three-day symposium in Hong Kong to solicit opinions on ''improving the electoral system of the HKSAR''. The future allocation of the three types of Legislative Council seats, the exercise of the Election Committee's authority as well as the composition and operation of the candidate qualification review committee have become the concerns of many. The ''major revamp'' of Hong Kong's electoral system by the central government is aimed at excluding ''anti-China individuals who disrupt Hong Kong'' from the organs of government. On the one hand, the principle of ''one country'' should be adhered to in the specific design of the new system. On the other hand, the uniqueness of Hong Kong society should be maintained. A sound system design can guarantee pluralism in society, take care of Hong Kong's interests as a whole, avoid the system being skewed in favour of vested interests and encourage different stakeholders to narrow differences through communication. The new arrangements for the electoral system have to reflect the diversity of society and allow different voices in LegCo. Regarding the distribution of seats in the future LegCo, allocating 30 seats to each of the three types of seats, namely geographical constituencies, functional constituencies and Election Committee representatives, will be more desirable in terms of openness and inclusiveness than the 2:3:4 or 2:2:5 ratios.
Since the anti-extradition storm in Hong Kong, the central government has seen the call for Hong Kong's independence, acts of violence, the collusion with external forces and the scorched-earth tactic in politics as direct challenges to its bottom line of ''one country''. The purpose of changing Hong Kong's electoral system is exactly to eradicate such acts from the system. It is a major prerequisite emphasised by Beijing that anyone who has not made a clear departure from these four kinds of acts will no longer be allowed in the system. But at the same time, the central government seems to intend to convey the message that it is willing to seek Hong Kong society's opinions about the detailed arrangements for the electoral system.
The number of seats in the future LegCo will be increased to 90. Wang Chen, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, mentioned earlier that ''a relatively large proportion'' of LegCo members will be elected by the Election Committee. Some have proposed a ratio of 3:3:3 between geographical direct election seats, functional constituency seats and Election Committee seats. Others have suggested 2:3:4 or even 2:2:5. Of these three proposals, we think the 3:3:3 arrangement is more suitable for Hong Kong. To fulfil ''patriots governing Hong Kong'', the inclusion of Election Committee representatives into LegCo, together with the nomination threshold and qualification review committee, should suffice. Dramatically axing geographical direct election seats will be too much and unnecessary.
The functional constituencies of Legco can represent the opinions of various industries or sectors. As for the Election Committee, the central government believes that by perfecting its composition, it can reflect the voices of different classes, industries and stakeholders in society, thus fulfilling the principle of balanced participation. Still, because of the limited number of people who can take part, there are inadequacies. By comparison, geographical direct election is still the way of participation which can allow the most ordinary citizens to express their views directly. The 3:3:3 proposal can reflect the diverse voices in society better than 2:3:4 and 2:2:5. A political system that values openness and participation should also encourage politicians to work and cultivate connections in the districts to engage the mass public. Slashing geographical direct election seats will only lead to a greater sense of political apathy, which may not help political stability in the long run.
壯大中間可排拒兩極 立會3類議席宜均等
中央官員一連三日在香港舉行座談會,就「完善特區選舉制度」聽取意見,未來立法會3類議席分佈、選委會職權行使,以及資格審查委員會構成運作等,成為各方關注焦點。中央要將「反中亂港」分子排除在政權機關之外,香港選舉制度「大重設」,具體方案設計,既要堅持「一國」,亦要維護香港社會獨特性,穩妥的制度設計,可以保障社會多元,顧全整體利益,避免向既得利益傾斜,同時鼓勵不同持份者溝通縮窄分歧。新的選舉制度安排,需要反映社會多元,讓議會內有不同聲音,未來立法會議席比例,地區直選、功能組別及選委會代表各佔30席,論開放性和包容性,均較「2:3:4」或「2:2:5」可取。
香港經歷了反修例風暴,中央認為港獨、暴力、勾結外部勢力和政治攬炒,直接挑戰「一國」底線,修改香港選舉制度,為的是在體制內杜絕這些活動,任何人不與這4類行為清晰切割,不可能再在體制立足,這是中央強調的大前提;與此同時,中央似乎亦想釋出一個信息,即願意就選舉制度的一些細節安排,諮詢香港社會意見。
未來立法會將增至90席,人大常委會副委員長王晨早前提到,將由選委會選舉產生「較大比例」的立法會議員,有人認為地區直選、功能組別和選委會議席,應成「3:3:3」之比,有人則主張「2:3:4」甚至「2:2:5」。我們認為,這3個選項中,「3:3:3」是一個較為適合香港的安排。要貫徹「愛國者治港」,立法會加入選委議席,加上提名門檻和資格審查委員會,應已足夠,大幅削減分區直選議席,過猶不及,並無必要。
立法會功能組別,反映不同行業或界別意見。選委會方面,中央認為完善其構成,可反映社會不同階層、不同行業和持份者的聲音,做到均衡參與,惟參與者有限,始終是不足之處。相比之下,分區直選仍是最能讓一般市民直接表達意見的參與方式,比起「2:3:4」或「2:2:5」,「3:3:3」較能反映社會多元聲音;一個重視開放和參與的政治制度,亦應多鼓勵從政者在地區深耕細作連繫群眾,大減分區直選議席,只會製造更多政治疏離感,未必有利長遠政治穩定。
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