<轉載自2019年5月16日 明報 社評>
中美貿易戰正酣,早已不是單純貿易糾紛,而是21世紀中美浮沉博弈一環,不少學者擔心中美墮向修昔底德陷阱,華府官員還要加柴添薪,將中美角力,提升到東西方文明衝突乃至「非我族類」鬥爭層次。世界潮流講求互利共贏,一旦扯上「非我族類」狹隘偏見,就會變成零和遊戲,當前華府看待中國態度,與廿多年前《考克斯報告》時如出一轍,在此背景之下,北京召開首屆亞洲文明對話大會,呼籲平等尊重不同文明,別具警世意義。
文明型國家崛起 國際秩序遭顛覆
國家主席習近平在大會演講,呼籲不同國家民族交流互鑑,強調每一種文明都有存在價值,並無高低優劣之分,「認為自己的人種和文明高人一等」,執意改造甚至取代其他文明,只會帶來災難。這些話似乎是老生常談,惟放在當下大國博弈和價值觀之爭的背景理解,卻別有深意。
過去200年西方主宰世界,是史無前例的秩序格局。現代國際秩序以「民族國家」為本,歐美發達國位居中心,非西方文明和發展中國家大多位於邊陲。整個秩序的運作,雖有雨露均霑時候,惟大抵以西方利益為本。西方除了享有政經霸權,在形而上層次,亦成功將自身歷史經驗和自由主義價值觀,提升至普世價值層次,為整個霸權秩序披上意識形態外衣,鞏固其合理性。冷戰後出現「歷史終結論」,認為自由主義民主定於一尊,正是此一邏輯的延伸。
然而踏入21世紀,歷史並未終結,自由主義等西方價值並未定於一尊,反而面臨不少挑戰,當前西方最關心的就是中國崛起。美國已故漢學家白魯恂(Lucian Pye)曾說,「中國是一個假扮成民族國家的文明」,近年西方和內地一些學者,都開始用「文明型國家」(civilization-state)的新概念看待中國。西方主導的國際秩序,容得下一兩個「異例」(諸如日本),然而中國並非典型民族國家,盛載的不是簡單一個民族,而是一個大型文明,其崛起必然動搖整個系統。
東西方文明不一定要走上衝突之路,可是華府有些人顯然認為,美國不僅要維持世界一哥地位,更有責任維護西方文明霸權。美國國務院政策規劃事務主任斯金納(Kiron Skinner)形容,美蘇對抗只是西方文明同室操戈,美中之爭才是「真正不同文明的對抗」,將中國視為「首個非白種人的強大競爭者」,正是一次清晰表述。
斯金納將信仰基督的俄羅斯視為西方文明一員,看似言之成理,實質很易反駁。舉例說,菲律賓是天主教國家,可是不會有人將它歸入西方文明體系;在非洲,就算有國家「完美貫徹」自由主義民主價值,也不會變成西方文明一員。美國學者華特(Steven Ward)認為,斯金納的文明衝突論,無關意識形態,而是關於種族,背後邏輯是中國不似俄羅斯,並非以白人為主,是「非我族類」,必須區別處理。斯金納是黑人,由她表達這種白人至上世界觀,看似奇怪,惟亦可以理解為這是華府不少保守精英想法,躋身其中就得有這種世界觀。歷史說明,當這種世界觀化為政策,將帶來災難。
《考克斯報告》氛圍重現 美日戰爭教訓勿忘記
中國是否美國首個「非白人強大競爭者」,其實可以爭議,畢竟上世紀40年代日本曾硬撼美國,儘管論綜合國力,當年美日其實差距甚大。日本軍國主義侵略是戰爭罪魁,不容卸責,惟二戰前西方霸權排擠遏抑「非我族類」,確亦埋下計時炸彈。上世紀國聯成立,日本爭取加入種族平等條款,不得要領。在美國,日裔移民遭歧視,1924年美國國會更禁絕日本移民。觀乎近期美國以國安之名打壓中國企業,有國會議員更要求嚴限向中國學生發放簽證,美國保守勢力對「非我族類」的排斥歧視,百年來有否變過,值得深思。
當前華府看待中國的態度,令人不期然想起1990年代《考克斯報告》時的情况。刻下中國5G科技領先國際,惹來美方打壓;當年《考克斯報告》的背景,則是中國火箭技術發展迅速,美方視為威脅。美國共和黨議員考克斯指控中國「竊取美國軍事技術」,儘管美國智庫批評《考克斯報告》煽動有餘,實質證據不足,部分美方核武數據更屬公開資料,談不上竊取。當年華裔科學家李文和無辜繫獄,成為事件象徵人物;現今的5G風雲,象徵人物也許就是華為副董事長孟晚舟。
每個國際秩序都靠一套論述支撐。19世紀支持西方殖民侵略擴張的論述,是所謂「白人責任論」(White man's burden);20世紀美國霸權確立,自由主義民主「普世價值」發揮支撐作用;21世紀中國崛起,北京拋出的論述是「不同文明平等尊重」。中方的論述戳中美國死穴,惟北京亦要面對「自由民主」這個痛點。國際秩序面臨巨變,中國與美國(西方)其實可以透過溝通對話,建立一個兼容兩套論述的「文明雙核心」國際秩序,任何一方執意要壓住對手,最終只會走上死鬥窮途。
Civilisations should treat each other with respect and as equals
CHINA and the US are in the thick of a trade war, but there has long
been more to it than trade disputes. It is also a part of the rise and fall of
the two countries and the rivalry between them. While many academics are
worried that China and the US will fall into the Thucydides's Trap, some White
House officials have added fuel to the fire by framing the China‑US rivalry as
the clash between Eastern and Western civilisations and even racial struggles.
It is a global trend to emphasise mutual benefits and win‑win cooperation. Once
any narrow‑minded racial bias is brought into play, it will become a zero‑sum
game. In the first Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilisations that is
ongoing in Beijing, the Chinese government has called for equality and respect
for all civilisations. The appeal has a special meaning as a note of caution to
the world.
In a speech delivered at the conference, President Xi Jinping urged all
countries and peoples to exchange ideas and learn from each other. Emphasising
that each civilisation has its own value and that civilisations should not be
classified as high, low, good or bad, Xi said that "to believe that one's
race and civilisation is superior to others" and to insist on reshaping or
even replacing other civilisations will only bring about disasters.
The modern international order is based on the concept of
"nation‑states". At the centre of this international order are Europe
and the US while non‑Western civilisations and developing countries remain on
the margins. Apart from enjoying political and economic hegemony, the West has
also managed to elevate their own historical experience and liberal values into
universal human values.
However, since the 21st century, Western values such as liberalism have
no longer been considered the only standard. They are instead confronted with a
lot of challenges. Now the West is most concerned about the rise of China. Late
American sinologist Lucian Pye once said that "China is a civilisation
pretending to be a state". In recent years, some scholars in the West and on
the mainland have begun to apply the new concept of
"civilisation‑state" to China. China is not a typical nation‑state
that is made up of only one people. Instead it is a large civilisation and its
rise has inevitably shaken the whole world order.
Eastern and Western civilisations do not have to be on a collision
course. However, it is obvious that for some people in the White House, not
only must the US maintain its position as the global leader, it must also
defend the hegemony of Western civilisation. Director of Policy Planning at the
US Department of State Kiron Kanina Skinner described the US‑Russia rivalry as
a fight within the Western world and asserted that for the US, the struggle
with China was "a fight with a really different civilisation".
Every international order is supported by a thesis. In the 19th century,
what supported the colonial invasion and expansion of the West was the
so‑called "white man's burden". When the hegemony of the US was
established in the 20th century, it was supported by the "universal
values" of freedom and democracy. With the rise of China in the 21st
century, a thesis put forth by Beijing is "civilisations should treat each
other with respect and as equals". China's thesis has struck at the Achilles
heels of the US. However, Beijing also has to confront its own sore spot of
"freedom and democracy". The international order is undergoing
dramatic changes. Through dialogues, China and the US (the West) can build an
international order with "two core civilisations" accommodating both
theses. If any country insists on holding down its rivals, it will only lead to
the dead alley of never‑ending rivalry.
平等尊重不同文明 排擠非我族類招災禍
中美貿易戰正酣,早已不是單純貿易糾紛,而是21世紀中美浮沉博弈一環,不少學者擔心中美墮向修昔底德陷阱,華府官員還要加柴添薪,將中美角力,提升到東西方文明衝突乃至「非我族類」鬥爭層次。世界潮流講求互利共贏,一旦扯上「非我族類」狹隘偏見,就會變成零和遊戲,北京召開首屆亞洲文明對話大會,呼籲平等尊重不同文明,別具警世意義。
國家主席習近平在大會演講,呼籲不同國家民族交流互鑑,強調每一種文明都有存在價值,並無高低優劣之分,「認為自己的人種和文明高人一等」,執意改造甚至取代其他文明,只會帶來災難。
現代國際秩序以「民族國家」為本,歐美發達國位居中心,非西方文明和發展中國家大多位於邊陲。西方除了享有政經霸權,亦成功將自身歷史經驗和自由主義價值觀,提升至普世價值層次。
然而踏入21世紀,自由主義等西方價值並未定於一尊,反而面臨不少挑戰,當前西方最關心的就是中國崛起。美國已故漢學家白魯恂(Lucian Pye)曾說,「中國是一個假扮成民族國家的文明」,近年西方和內地一些學者,都開始用「文明型國家」(civilization-state)的新概念看待中國。中國並非典型民族國家,盛載的不是簡單一個民族,而是一個大型文明,其崛起必然動搖整個系統。
東西方文明不一定要走上衝突之路,可是華府有些人顯然認為,美國不僅要維持世界一哥地位,更有責任維護西方文明霸權。美國國務院政策規劃事務主任斯金納(Kiron Skinner)形容,美蘇對抗只是西方文明同室操戈,美中之爭才是「真正不同文明的對抗」。
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