<轉載自2018年12月19日 明報 社評>
北京慶祝改革開放40周年,中共中央總書記習近平強調要擴大開放,堅持走中國特色社會主義道路。中國改革開放是世界歷史大事,標誌中國經過百多年掙扎,終於找到實現現代化之路,昏睡百年的巨人蘇醒,顛覆了西方主導的世界秩序和發展觀,西方學者紛紛研究中國模式,希望了解這個「紅天鵝」現象。過去40年,中國在工業、科技等領域的現代化成績斐然,惟在法治等方面的建設仍有明顯不足。中國要在本世紀中葉成為現代化強國,「下層建築」固然重要,更關鍵是搞好「上層建築」,國家法治做得好,才能在國際社會得到相應的尊重。
百載尋覓現代化之路 解放思想提升生產力
習近平改革開放40周年講話,談的主要是大方針,而非具體改革開放新措施。「方向決定前途,道路決定命運。」習近平講話若要一言蔽之,就是中國走對了路必須堅持下去。現代化的核心精神,在於善用工具理性,依據科學定律,追求效益效率最大化。自晚清洋務運動以來,中國試過很多方式,希望克服社會、制度、文化等障礙,實現現代化,惟無論是中體西用、君主立憲、共和革命乃至斯大林主義計劃經濟,均未竟全功,文革更是一場空想主義盲動災難,直至1978年鄧小平提出改革開放,中國兜轉一個世紀,才找到通往現代化之路。
蘇聯瓦解,西方學者形容是早已注定的「大失敗」,皆因社會主義制度缺乏自我完善能力,可是中國改革開放成功,卻成為顛覆西方所有傳統理論的黑天鵝(或曰「紅天鵝」),很多專家不再輕信「中國崩潰論」,亦不再認為改革開放必然令中國變得更像西方。中國改革開放成功,有部分涉及歷史偶然因素,例如新中國初年經歷過激烈土地改革,土地由國家掌管,減少了日後改革發展阻力;有部分則是由於舉國解放思想,以務實主義代替意識形態教條,全面解放發展生產力。
愈來愈多西方專家放下成見,嘗試理解中國成功之道,有學者認為不能用民主與專制的二分法理解中國政治,改為將焦點放在中國決策過程的靈活彈性;有學者認為中國奉行的既非民主亦非獨裁,而是唯才制(meritocracy);有學者還形容中國進化為「幻影民主」(phantom
democracy),雖然沒有民主選舉,打壓網上串連活動亦毫不手軟,可是政府對於網上輿情的緊張,亦驅使當局積極回應民情,情况跟民選政客擔心選票有幾分相似。不少西方專家都承認,北京確實走出一條獨特道路。
習近平提到中國是有數千年文明史、人口眾多的大國,推進改革沒有教科書金科玉律,也沒有可以對中國人民頤指氣使的「教師爺」,改什麼不改什麼完全視乎自身需要。美國正企圖迫使中國改變發展模式,習的說法隱然在向華府說不。一個國家的城鎮人口比例,是工業化和現代化程度的指標,當前中國城鎮人口不足六成,跟歐美高達七至八成仍有顯著距離。誠如習近平所言,中國現代化之路,現時只處於半山,下一個40年,經濟改革任務將更為艱巨;而同樣艱巨的,還有政治上層建築的現代化改革。
提升軟實力爭取認同 中國法治須拿出成績
習近平展望未來,提及「九個必須」,一邊強調黨對一切工作的領導,一邊堅持從全面從嚴治黨。習近平提出推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化,然而單靠淨化黨內政治生態、堅持用人德才兼備,並不足以實現國家治理現代化,還必須要有健全法治作為基礎。改革開放40年,中國法治有一定進步,最明顯是保護私有產權,近年中央還落實司法責任制,倘遇冤假錯案,必定追究責任,希望努力讓「群眾在每一個司法案件中都感受到公平正義」;可是一涉及敏感政治案件,國家機器霸道一面便顯露無遺。
以維權律師王全璋涉嫌「顛覆國家政權罪」為例,王於2015年被捕,與外界隔絕,被囚超過3年,至今當局仍未啟動任何法庭程序處理控罪,不管當局如何辯稱「依法處置」,看在一般人眼裏,都會質疑是堆砌理由,未經審訊長期剝奪一個人的自由。中國可以拒絕照搬西方一套,然而社會主義一樣要講法治講民主,不能簡單說一句國情不同、觀念不同,就將不合理的作為說成合理。
中國幅員極廣,一些地方司法和執法人員濫用權力,陽奉陰違,需要中央加強約束。去年習近平提出成立中央全面依法治國領導小組(現已升格為全面依法治國委員會),加強黨對法治建設的統一領導。習在改革開放大會亦提到,要深入推進全面依法治國,令法律體系日益健全。「黨必須在憲法和法律的範圍內活動」,這是中共黨章明文規定,也是憲法基本要求,能夠切實律己律人,中國法治自然可以走上康莊大道。近年中國政經軍事硬實力持續提升,惟軟實力始終搞不上去,別人以有色眼鏡看待,雖是原因之一,不過中國亦需要在法治等方面拿出成績,否則難以在國際社會得到與國力相適應的尊重。
Rule of law has to be strengthened
CELEBRATING the 40th anniversary of Reform and Opening-up, General
Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping has given a speech
emphasising the need to broaden China's reform while adhering to the path of
socialism with Chinese characteristics. China's reform and opening-up is a
significant event in world history. It signals that China is finally on the
path to modernisation after more than a hundred years of struggle. The
awakening of the giant after a century's sleep has subverted the
western-dominated world order and the dominant paradigm of development. Many
western academics, eager to understand this "red swan" phenomenon,
have conducted studies into the Chinese model. Over the past four decades,
China has achieved brilliant results in the modernisation of such areas as
industries and technologies. But obviously, efforts in establishing the rule of
law are still inadequate. To help China become a modernised major power by the
middle of this century, the "substructure" is of course an important
factor but building a good "superstructure" is even more crucial.
Only by strengthening the rule of law properly can the country win
corresponding respect from the global community.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union is described by Western academics as
a destined "grand failure" because of the lack of self-perfection
ability in socialist systems. However, the success of China's reform and
opening-up has presented a black swan (or "red swan") case that
subverts all the conventional theories in the west. Many experts do not believe
the "China collapse theory" easily anymore. Nor do they continue to
think China's reform and opening-up will definitely make it more like the West.
More and more western experts have set aside their preconceived ideas
and tried to comprehend the Chinese path to success. Some academics suggest
dropping the democracy-autocracy dichotomy for understanding Chinese politics
and focusing instead on the flexibility in Beijing's policy-making process.
Some say China is neither a democracy nor an autocracy, but a
"meritocracy". Some even describe China as evolving towards what is
called a "phantom democracy". Despite the absence of democratic
elections and the iron-fisted crackdowns on online link-up activities in China,
the government does care about online public opinion and that has motivated the
authorities to be more responsive to public opinion, in a way quite similar to
the elected politicians who care about their votes. Many Western experts agree
that Beijing has indeed embarked on a unique path.
Over the forty years of Reform and Opening-up, China has certainly
improved to some extent regarding the rule of law. That is most evident in the
protection of private property rights. In recent years, the central government
has also implemented the judicial accountability system. All cases involving
wrongful convictions shall be investigated to ascertain where the
responsibility lies, so as to "give the public the impression that there
is justice and fairness in every judicial case." Nevertheless, in whatever
politically sensitive cases, the despotic side of the state apparatus is on
full display.
Take the example of human rights lawyer Wang Quanzhang who was charged
with "subversion of state power". Arrested in 2015, he has been put
under detention and lost touch with the outside world for more than three
years, without any court procedures launched to deal with his charges. No
matter how the authorities assert "the case is being handled in accordance
with the law", ordinary people may easily doubt if the authorities are
concocting excuses for its long-time deprivation of a person's freedom without
trials.
Even though China's hard power has continuously increased in recent
years in the political, economic and military aspects, it has failed to
strengthen its soft power all along. It is true that people's prejudice against
China may be one of the reasons behind that. Still, Beijing should do a good
job of enhancing the rule of law, otherwise it will find it difficult to earn
the respect on a par with its state power from the international community.
改革開放長路在半途 現代化強國須講法治
北京慶祝改革開放40周年,中共中央總書記習近平強調要擴大開放,堅持走中國特色社會主義道路。中國改革開放是世界歷史大事,標誌中國經過百多年掙扎,終於找到實現現代化之路,昏睡百年的巨人蘇醒,顛覆了西方主導的世界秩序和發展觀,西方學者紛紛研究中國模式,希望了解這個「紅天鵝」現象。過去40年,中國在工業、科技等領域的現代化成績斐然,惟在法治等方面的建設仍有明顯不足。中國要在本世紀中葉成為現代化強國,「下層建築」固然重要,更關鍵是搞好「上層建築」,國家法治做得好,才能在國際社會得到相應的尊重。
蘇聯瓦解,西方學者形容是早已注定的「大失敗」,皆因社會主義制度缺乏自我完善能力,可是中國改革開放成功,卻成為顛覆西方所有傳統理論的黑天鵝(或曰「紅天鵝」),很多專家不再輕信「中國崩潰論」,亦不再認為改革開放必然令中國變得更像西方。
愈來愈多西方專家放下成見,嘗試理解中國成功之道,有學者認為不能用民主與專制的二分法理解中國政治,改為將焦點放在中國決策過程的靈活彈性;有學者認為中國奉行的既非民主亦非獨裁,而是唯才制(meritocracy);有學者還形容中國進化為「幻影民主」(phantom
democracy),雖然沒有民主選舉,打壓網上串連活動亦毫不手軟,可是政府對於網上輿情的緊張,亦驅使當局積極回應民情,情况跟民選政客擔心選票有幾分相似。不少西方專家都承認,北京確實走出一條獨特道路。
改革開放40年,中國法治有一定進步,最明顯是保護私有產權,近年中央還落實司法責任制,倘遇冤假錯案,必定追究責任,希望努力讓「群眾在每一個司法案件中都感受到公平正義」;可是一涉及敏感政治案件,國家機器霸道一面便顯露無遺。
以維權律師王全璋涉嫌「顛覆國家政權罪」為例,王於2015年被捕,與外界隔絕,被囚超過3年,至今當局仍未啟動任何法庭程序處理控罪,不管當局如何辯稱「依法處置」,看在一般人眼裏,都會質疑是堆砌理由,未經審訊長期剝奪一個人的自由。
近年中國政經軍事硬實力持續提升,惟軟實力始終搞不上去,別人以有色眼鏡看待,雖是原因之一,不過中國亦需要在法治等方面拿出成績,否則難以在國際社會得到與國力相應的尊重。
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