<轉載自2017年9月21日 明報 社評>
繼「良心劏房」共享房屋之後,最近政府亦開始研究引入「貨櫃屋」協助基層市民,非政府組織更表示,有發展商願意出租閒置土地數年,用來興建「貨櫃屋」。引入「貨櫃屋」理論上可善用閒置土地,為苦候「上樓」的基層市民提供短期廉價房屋,改善居住環境,還可遏抑劏房租金水平,不過大量興建「貨櫃屋」,本質始終是重建臨時房屋,是重大政策轉變,需要從長計議,免生流弊。政府當前首務仍然是加快造地建屋,惟亦應大膽摸索其他新意念。現階段當局應該先減少官僚規條障礙,讓民間組織伙拍發展商放手試行,靜觀成效再決定政府角色。
紓緩住屋困難 貨櫃屋成考慮
公屋輪候時間愈來愈長,政府10年內興建28萬公營房屋目標難望落實,不少基層家庭被迫蝸居私人劏房捱貴租,忍受惡劣居住環境。政府除了加快興建公屋,確有需要運用新思維,提供更多過渡性質房屋。近月政府與社會服務聯會(社聯)合作,促成「社會房屋共享計劃」,由社聯牽頭物色業主和發展商,提供空置舊樓單位,以低於市值租金轉租予基層家庭,此一努力值得肯定。社聯相信計劃可惠及1000個基層家庭,不過全港劏房戶接近10萬,就算有更多業主樂意廉租單位,讓非政府組織經營「良心劏房」,也很難滿足現實需要,還需另闢蹊徑。
「貨櫃屋」是社聯和一些民間組織大力推薦的構思。支持者援引荷蘭經驗,指出今時今日「貨櫃屋」採取較佳通風散熱設計,設有獨立廁所,單位面積約200方呎,接駁水電和隔音等均不成問題,居住環境肯定較私人劏房好,當局可以利用閒置土地搭建,讓合資格人士短期租住數年。過去政府官員對「貨櫃屋」頗有保留,惟近月態度似乎有所轉變,多個部門官員上月便到廣東江門考察「貨櫃屋」,探討在香港是否可實行。發展局長黃偉綸表示,對興建「貨櫃屋」沒有既定立場,對於任何紓緩住屋困難的建議均持開放態度,變相為研究引入「貨櫃屋」開綠燈。
曾幾何時,港英政府興建了不少臨時房屋,惟居住環境相當惡劣,當局花了10多年時間,使盡九牛二虎之力,才於本世紀初將所有臨時房屋一一清拆,部分政府官員不想重新發展過渡性質房屋,對「貨櫃屋」有所保留,與此不無關係。歷史經驗當然必須記取,不過此一時彼一時,「貨櫃屋」作為「進化版」的臨時房屋,無論是設計和衛生水平,均不可同日而語,况且「貨櫃屋」造價便宜,搭建數層僅需半年時間,如果有閒置地皮預計5年內都不會動工建屋,與其讓它們充當臨時停車場,用來發展「貨櫃屋邨」的社會效益無疑更大。
鼓勵民間試行 政策從長計議
當然,「貨櫃屋」構思值得考慮,不代表毋須仔細探討實際操作問題。「貨櫃屋」能否符合《建築物條例》、若遇颱風暴雨是否安全等技術細節,必須小心研究,土地運用和交通水電配套也需要周詳考慮。誠然,本港有不少閒置土地,發展局亦承認,不可能說香港沒有適合用來發展「貨櫃屋」的土地,不過部分土地位置偏遠,交通不便,並不適合用來興建「貨櫃屋邨」。相比之下,市區閒置土地的利用價值當然較大,然而這類土地不少都較為零散,是否適合「見縫插針」,還要看實際環境和民情,推行起來未必如想像容易;設若真的有理想土地,是否應該用來盡快興建永久房屋而非臨時過渡房屋,也是值得深思的問題。
大規模發展「貨櫃屋」,與「良心劏房」計劃有別,牽涉臨時房屋政策問題,政府有需要從長計議,然而當局不應過早排除任何可能,更不應成為民間團體大膽創新的阻力。很多發展商買地後,都會把土地閒置很多年,對他們來說,短租數年給予非政府組織,不會帶來損失,社聯便透露,有發展商便願意合作,以象徵式1元租出土地數年,作為興建「貨櫃屋邨」試點。不過由於政府目前沒有相關政策,地政署、屋宇署、城規會和消防處等部門互不協調,就算非政府組織想展開試驗計劃,也不知找哪個部門商討。
政府有責任幫民間組織拆牆鬆綁,大開方便之門,讓他們放手一試。政府應該盡快成立跨部門小組,讓非政府組織可以申請臨時用地興建「貨櫃屋」,同時為「貨櫃屋」定下一些基本要求和標準,讓民間團體依循。現階段先由非政府組織伙拍發展商試建「貨櫃屋」,最大好處是不用擔心這種「臨時」房屋會變成永久安排,不會出現住戶「易請難送」問題,政府可以多加鼓勵,從中仔細觀察興建「貨櫃屋」的成效。
Container housing
HAVING launched its "conscionable subdivision" flat-sharing
plan, the government began not long ago looking at helping grass-roots citizens
by introducing "container- housing". According to an NGO
(nongovernment organisation), there are developers willing to lease out pieces
of idle land for a few years for putting up "container-housing".
Theoretically speaking, it is possible to improve the living conditions of
grass-roots citizens long on the queue for public rental housing by introducing
"container-housing" — by making good use of idle land to provide them
with cheap short-term housing. That would also help stabilise rents for flat
subdivisions.
The "container-housing" idea is worth considering, but it does
not follow that matters concerning actual operation need not be carefully
examined. Is it possible for "container homes" to be in compliance
with the Buildings Ordinance? Are they safe when a typhoon or tempest hits Hong
Kong? It is necessary to study such technicalities carefully. It is also
necessary to consider fully matters concerning land use and the provision of
such essential services as transport, water supply and electricity supply.
True, there is much idle land in the territory. The Development Bureau has
acknowledged one must not say there is no land in Hong Kong suitable for
putting up "container developments". However, some of those sites are
in far-flung places. They are so inaccessible that it is not advisable to have
"container-housing estates" on them. Idle land in urban areas is of
course more usable than they are. But pieces of such land are mostly scattered.
Whether it is right to "stick a pin into a chink" in a locality depends
on how matters stand in that locality and how its residents feel. It may not be
as easy as one imagines to carry out the idea. If there is indeed a suitable
site, should permanent housing be built on it instead of temporary, halfway
housing? This is a question worth pondering.
A huge "container-housing" project is different from the
"conscionable subdivision" scheme in that it has to do with a
temporary housing policy. The government ought to take the long view. However,
the authorities should not prematurely rule out any possibility, even less
impede nongovernment bodies' bold, innovative efforts. Many developers would
leave pieces of land they acquire idle for years. It loses them nothing to
lease them to NGOs for short terms. The Hong Kong Council of Social Service has
disclosed a developer is willing to cooperate and lease out a piece of land for
a HK$1 token rent so that a pilot "container-housing estate" scheme
can be carried out. Nevertheless, the government has no policy in relation to
such a scheme, and the Lands Department, Buildings Department, the Town
Planning Board, the Fire Services Department and others are not coordinated. No
NGO desirous of carrying out such a scheme can tell which government agency it
should talk with about it.
The government is duty-bound to help unfetter NGOs and make it easier
for them freely to put their ideas to test. It should set up as soon as
possible an interdepartmental task force so that NGOs may apply for short-term
leases of land with a view to producing "container housing".
Meanwhile, it should lay down basic requirements and standards pertaining to
"container housing" which NGOs should follow. The biggest advantage
of an NGO partnering a developer now in a pilot "container-housing"
scheme is that one need not worry such temporary housing may become permanent
or it may be hard to have container-housing dwellers quit. The government may
encourage such efforts and observe carefully what may result from such
"container-housing" schemes.
貨櫃屋拆牆鬆綁
有利摸索可行性
繼「良心劏房」共享房屋之後,最近政府亦開始研究引入「貨櫃屋」協助基層市民,非政府組織更表示,有發展商願意出租閒置土地數年,用來興建「貨櫃屋」。引入「貨櫃屋」理論上可善用閒置土地,為苦候「上樓」的基層市民提供短期廉價房屋,改善居住環境,還可遏抑劏房租金水平。
當然,「貨櫃屋」構思值得考慮,不代表毋須仔細探討實際操作問題。「貨櫃屋」能否符合《建築物條例》、若遇颱風暴雨是否安全等技術細節,必須小心研究,土地運用和交通水電配套也需要周詳考慮。誠然,本港有不少閒置土地,發展局亦承認,不可能說香港沒有適合用來發展「貨櫃屋」的土地,不過部分土地位置偏遠,交通不便,並不適合用來興建「貨櫃屋邨」。相比之下,市區閒置土地的利用價值當然較大,然而這類土地不少都較為零散,是否適合「見縫插針」,還要看實際環境和民情,推行起來未必如想像容易;設若真的有理想土地,是否應該用來盡快興建永久房屋而非臨時過渡房屋,也是值得深思的問題。
大規模發展「貨櫃屋」,與「良心劏房」計劃有別,牽涉臨時房屋政策問題,政府有需要從長計議,然而當局不應過早排除任何可能,更不應成為民間團體大膽創新的阻力。很多發展商買地後,都會把土地閒置很多年,對他們來說,短租數年給予非政府組織,不會帶來損失,社聯便透露,有發展商便願意合作,以象徵式1元租出土地數年,作為興建「貨櫃屋邨」試點。不過由於政府目前沒有相關政策,地政署、屋宇署、城規會和消防處等部門互不協調,就算非政府組織想展開試驗計劃,也不知找哪個部門商討。
政府有責任幫民間組織拆牆鬆綁,大開方便之門,讓他們放手一試。政府應該盡快成立跨部門小組,讓非政府組織可以申請臨時用地興建「貨櫃屋」,同時為「貨櫃屋」定下一些基本要求和標準,讓民間團體依循。現階段先由非政府組織伙拍發展商試建「貨櫃屋」,最大好處是不用擔心這種「臨時」房屋會變成永久安排,不會出現住戶「易請難送」問題,政府可以多加鼓勵,從中仔細觀察興建「貨櫃屋」的成效。
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