<轉載自2017年9月11日 明報 社評>
本報上周末率先報道，國家主席習近平12月初將南下廣東，出席在廣州舉辦的《財富》論壇並視察廣東。習近平在5年前十八大後視察的首個省份是廣東，12月初亦即是十九大後，他再次「南巡」改革開放的先行地區，相信既是為他在金磚會議宣布的2018年改革開放40周年紀念活動拉開序幕，更是為步入「深水區」的改革攻堅戰擂響戰鼓。
提前透露二度南巡 政治信號耐人尋味
2012年12月8日，在中共十八大當選為最高領導人的習近平首次離京視察，抵達深圳。他視察粵的行程抄足鄧小平1992年「南巡」路線。他先到蓮花山公園向鄧小平像獻花，走訪鄧小平去過的羅湖漁民村，再如同當年鄧小平一樣從蛇口乘軍艦去珠海。當時輿論的解讀，習近平此行是刻意傳遞一個政治信號，表明他對鄧小平改革開放路線傳承的堅定立場和開明形象。當下，離十九大召開還有一個多月時間，習近平除了宣布明年隆重紀念改革開放40年，又提前透露二度「南巡」的資訊，聯繫到中共目前黨內外的政治生態，聯繫到中國發展的國內外新形勢、新常態、新挑戰，其釋出的政治信號不能不說是耐人尋味。
1992年初，鄧小平不顧高齡南下一個多月，邊走邊發表談話，後被整理達一萬多字，其中的很多論斷至今仍然閃閃發光。例如，「誰不改革誰下台」、「計劃和市場都是經濟手段，不是社會主義與資本主義的本質區別」、
「判斷改革開放姓社姓資，標準應該主要看是否有利於發展社會主義生產力」、「
發展才是硬道理」、「改革開放膽子要大一些，看準了的，就大膽地試、大膽地闖」、「中國要警惕右，但主要是防左」，等等。如所周知，鄧小平南巡的背景是六四事件後保守派回潮，鄧小平要給予回擊。當年6月，江澤民在中央黨校講話，不但承諾「三中全會以來的路線方針政策不變」，而且還進一步宣布要建立「社會主義市場經濟體制」。
中國40年改革的本質是什麼？說到底，就是將原來學蘇聯的計劃經濟體制變為市場經濟體制。許多中外理論家都說，這與其說是改革，不如說是革命，因為這在許多重要原則上對馬列主義「離經叛道」。企業主可以僱工「剝削」，農民搞「單幹」，市民大眾可以在股市「投機」，這些如今看來的尋常事，當年則是要冒「殺頭」風險，要簽「生死狀」。回首40年可見，中國改革開放絕對是一條前無古人無比艱難之路。習近平說，憑着一股逢山開路、遇水架橋的闖勁，憑着一股滴水穿石的韌勁，成功走出一條中國特色社會主義道路。如今，中國已取得世界第二大經濟體的地位，僅此已證明改革開放是正確的、成功的。
「鄧小平南巡」的重要意義在於明確表明，中國的改革就是要變計劃經濟體系為市場經濟體系。「鄧南巡」在中國改革開放史上具有里程碑意義。習近平「第一次南巡」，也是處於改革開放的一個重要節點，一方面是之前的改革開放得利者成為阻礙改革深化的既得利益集團，而黨內的嚴重腐敗者也成為阻撓改革的「殺手」；另一方面，改革的「骨頭」愈來愈多愈來愈硬。習近平在「南巡」後直接統管深化改革領導小組，集中權力，頂層設計，全力推進。
反改革思潮浮現 南巡是攻堅宣言
中國的改革到了今天，處於「深水區」的態勢更為明顯，市場經濟體制的建立也到了突破最後堡壘的階段。焦點還是在大型國企，一方面要克服其形成壟斷行業的弊病，既扼殺公平競爭，又浪費資源和效率低下；另一方面，亦要避免西方社會無序競爭，短線逐利而導致空心化。習近平的深改組已確定國企改革的方向是混合所有制改革，並着重在電訊、鐵路、電力、軍工等十幾個壟斷行業進行改制。但是，咬到了這些「老大」行業的骨頭，牙之痛可謂躍然紙上。這是利益的碰撞，同時也有意識形態的阻力。改革紅利分配上的不均，也使到反改革的極左思潮以種種懷舊的形式浮現，並且時而「強勢」露頭。因此，習近平再次「南巡」和紀念改革開放40周年絕不是循例的喜慶活動，實際是繼續「深水區」攻堅的宣言。
改革永遠在路上，這也是習近平展現的決心。事實上，除了經濟體制改革，政治體制改革也任重道遠，例如，精簡政府冗員、完善民主選拔制度等等。這些改革也是「深水區」，也是難過的，但是終須要過。有人理解習近平的「四個自信」為不要政治改革，這是錯誤的。好制度也只有改革，才能完善及適應時代變化。
Xi's second southern progress
LAST WEEKEND this newspaper led others in reporting President Xi Jinping
would come down to Guangdong to attend a Fortune forum to be held in Guangzhou
and then make an inspection of the province. The first province Xi inspected
five years ago in the wake of shibada (the 18th National Congress of the
Communist Party of China (CPC)) is Guangdong. Early next December (in the wake
of shijiuda (the 19th National Congress of the CPC)), he will again in progress
towards the region that led others in embarking on reform and opening-up
(R&O). Conceivably, he will not only kick off activities to mark the 40th
anniversary of the beginning of R&O (which he announced during the last
BRICS summit) but also vigorously drum against stronghold-storming in the R&O
"deep-water region".
What in essence is China's R&O, which has gone on for four decades?
In the final analysis, it is the replacement of its planned-economy system
(copied from the Soviet Union) by a market-economy system. Not a few Chinese
and foreign theorists have said it is not so much reformation as revolution,
for it features departures from many cardinal principles of Marxism-Leninism.
Now business owners may "exploit" their employees, farmers "work
on their own", and ordinary people "speculate" on the stock
market. In the past, he who did any of such things risked "losing his
head". Looking back, one may say the R&O journey China has gone on
over the past four decades is certainly unprecedentedly arduous. Xi has said
that, with the determination of one who would blaze a trail up any hill and
build a bridge across any river and the tenacity of one bent on making holes in
stone with dripping water, it is possible to make a path of socialism with
Chinese characteristics. China is now the second largest economy in the world.
That alone is proof that R&O is correct and successful.
It is now quite clear that China's R&O verges on a "deep-water
region". The process of putting in place a market-economy system is now at
a stage where the last strongholds must be stormed. It is still on gigantic
state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that attention should be focused. Some of them
are monopolies that strangle fair competition, waste resources and are
inefficient. It is necessary, on the one hand, to cure such maladies and, on
the other, to prevent hollowing resulting from disorderly competition and
endeavours to make quick returns (which the West has seen). Xi's Central
Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms has determined that the SOE
reform should be geared towards mixed-ownership reform and emphasis be placed
on the reform of the ten-odd monopolistic areas including telecommunication,
railway, power and armament industries. However, the teeth will surely hurt
grievously that bite bones of those "long-standing and gigantic"
enterprises. There will be collisions of interests, and ideological resistance
will arise. Because R&O dividends are unevenly distributed, anti-R&O
ultra-leftist ideas have surfaced in the form of nostalgia and occasionally
emerged with "tremendous momentum". Therefore, Xi's second
"southern progress" and the things he is to do to mark the 40th
anniversary of the beginning of R&O will by no means be just routine
celebrations. They will actually amount to a declaration of continuing stronghold-storming
in the "deep-water region".
Reform is always under way. That is what Xi appears determined to see.
Not only the reform of the economic structure is burdensome and protracted, but
also that of the political structure. For example, government bodies must be
streamlined, and systems for democratic selection perfected. Such reforms lie
in the "deep-water region", which is hard to traverse but must
eventually be traversed. Xi often talks about "confidence in four
aspects". Some take that to mean political reform can be ruled out. They
are mistaken. Even good systems must be reformed before they can be perfect and
in keeping with changes of the times.
習二次南巡振改革攻堅
「深水區」雖難過終須要過
本報上周末率先報道，國家主席習近平12月初將南下廣東，出席在廣州舉辦的《財富》論壇並視察廣東。習近平在5年前十八大後視察的首個省份是廣東，12月初亦即是十九大後，他再次「南巡」改革開放的先行地區，相信既是為他在金磚會議宣布的2018年改革開放40周年紀念活動拉開序幕，更是為步入「深水區」的改革攻堅戰擂響戰鼓。
中國40年改革的本質是什麼？說到底，就是將原來學蘇聯的計劃經濟體制變為市場經濟體制。許多中外理論家都說，這與其說是改革，不如說是革命，因為這在許多重要原則上對馬列主義「離經叛道」。企業主可以僱工「剝削」，農民搞「單幹」，市民大眾可以在股市「投機」，這些如今看來的尋常事，當年則是要冒「殺頭」風險。回首40年可見，中國改革開放絕對是一條前無古人無比艱難之路。習近平說，憑着一股逢山開路、遇水架橋的闖勁，憑着一股滴水穿石的韌勁，成功走出一條中國特色社會主義道路。如今，中國已取得世界第二大經濟體的地位，僅此已證明改革開放是正確的、成功的。
中國的改革到了今天，處於「深水區」的態勢更為明顯，市場經濟體制的建立也到了突破最後堡壘的階段。焦點還是在大型國企，一方面要克服其形成壟斷行業的弊病，既扼殺公平競爭，又浪費資源和效率低下；另一方面，亦要避免西方社會無序競爭，短線逐利而導致空心化。習近平的深改組已確定國企改革的方向是混合所有制改革，並着重在電訊、鐵路、電力、軍工等十幾個壟斷行業進行改制。但是，咬到了這些「老大」行業的骨頭，牙之痛可謂躍然紙上。這是利益的碰撞，同時也有意識形態的阻力。改革紅利分配上的不均，也使到反改革的極左思潮以種種懷舊的形式浮現，並且時而「強勢」露頭。因此，習近平再次「南巡」和紀念改革開放40周年絕不是循例的喜慶活動，實際是繼續「深水區」攻堅的宣言。
改革永遠在路上，這也是習近平展現的決心。事實上，除了經濟體制改革，政治體制改革也任重道遠，例如，精簡政府冗員、完善民主選拔制度等等。這些改革也是「深水區」，也是難過的，但是終須要過。有人理解習近平的「四個自信」為不要政治改革，這是錯誤的。好制度也只有改革，才能完善及適應時代變化。
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