2015年1月21日 星期三

公屋營運需新思維 綠表置居可助解困

<轉載自2015121 明報 社評>

特首梁振英施政報告提出「綠表置居先導計劃」,初步看來,這可以協助「綠表」人士,包括公屋住戶和已通過詳細審核並即將獲編配公屋的人士自置居所,進一步完善房屋階梯,而且可騰出單位給輪候公屋的家庭。另外,若綠表置居成功推行,會減慢出租公屋增加速度,紓緩房委會的財政壓力,長遠或許可以紓解公屋對社會構成的負擔。

房委會出售出租公屋給原來住戶,10多年前曾經推行過,不過當時衍生了一些問題,主要是有住戶購買,也有選擇不購買,出現一幢大廈之內,自置單位業主與出租單位住戶混雜而居,因此產生管理、維修保養等連串問題。綠表置居計劃是在新興建公屋屋撥出整座大廈的單位,讓綠表人士(包括公屋住戶或即將獲編配公屋單位的準住戶)購買,由於整座大廈都是自置單位,住戶的權利義務等清晰,正如現行居屋一樣,不至難於管理。

公屋租戶 「超穩定」靠納稅人保持營運

13年前的經濟衰退,政府為挽救樓市而停建居屋,使得本來行之有效的房屋階梯中斷,梁振英政府現在恢復興建居屋。不過,近期首批新居屋申請情,綠表人士遠少於白表申請;白表約97人爭一個單位,綠表則約9人爭一個。綠表人士對首批新居屋興趣缺缺,相信與居屋售價隨私樓狂而水漲船高有一定關係,因為居屋即使以市價七折出售,也需要二三百萬元,大多數公屋住戶難以負擔;另有部分綠表人士不想高位入市,也是原因之一。此外,以往舊式公屋設計與屋環境較差,現在的公屋單位與屋環境綠化程度高,整體趨於舒適寬敞,住戶申請居屋改善居住質素向上流的誘因,不若以往強烈,相信亦是新居屋少綠表人士問津的原因。

還有就是公屋事務攙雜了政治因素。例如現在約2萬個公屋富戶,他們基於種種原因,寧可繳交倍半、兩倍甚至市值租金,也不肯遷出、轉換居屋交回租住單位。又例如現在公屋租金的可加可減機制,房委會租金收入不可能維持公屋營運,要大量補貼。這兩點都是公屋現不合理之處,但是當局根本無政治能量匡正,因為龐大公屋住戶群體的選票,已經成為政黨、政客權力來源之所繫,使得公屋居民的利益,當局難以動其分毫。

綜合而言,公屋住戶群體處於「超穩定」狀態,代價就是公帑要持續補貼。現在公屋每個單位管理維修保養,房委會每年要補貼約2200元,目前全港約有76萬個公屋單位,單是這筆費用,每年需要約16億元。房委會整體財政瀕臨捉襟見肘,仍然要持續興建公屋,這就是政府要撥資源設立「公屋儲備金」的原因。房委會持續興建公屋,財政拮据由政府埋單,最終還是納稅人承擔。

綠表置居使人看到一個可能,就是若成功推行,起碼公屋租戶數目增速減慢,因為計劃設計是「一換一」,公屋數量不會增減,但是可以加快流轉。若沒有這個機制,未來10年建屋計劃完成之後,房委會管理的公屋單位就會超過100萬個,意味補貼更多。另外,房委會透過綠表置居計劃收回部分資金,用以繼續興建公屋,屆時即使不能賣一間、建一間,但是有資金回籠,就是活水。綠表置居可紓緩房委會財政壓力,使公屋營運可持續。

售價應該有吸引力 轉售須合港人胃口

綠表置居計劃其中一個爭議,是使公屋租戶享受「雙重福利」,有關情確實存在。不過,綠表人士購買居屋也有同樣情況,問題是盤活公屋資源、進一步完善房屋階梯、減輕房委會財政負擔等是更大目標。在這個問題上若過於斤斤計較,則困局無望突破,反而定價轉售等安排和配套措施,能否吸引綠表人士棄公屋而轉投綠表置居,更值得關注。

關於售價,綠表人士基本上是中低收入家庭,綠表置居單位定價,要他們負擔得起才有意義,若定價過高,可能會出現一哄而散局面;如何拿準確,當局要研議思量。另外,社會上對一些資助單位補地價之後以高價出售,形成炒賣資助房屋牟利的情甚為不滿,綠表置居這類單位銀碼不大,成行成市之後,不排除可能成為市場炒賣對象。因此,設計上要顧及這種景,或許規定較長轉售年期,例如810年之後才可以轉售,可能較適合。

有意見認為應該規定綠表置居的單位只能回售給房委會。這個做法,當然可以杜絕炒賣,不過港人置業有一個特質,就是把物業視作資產,憧憬日後升值賺錢;若綠表置居單位只能回售給房委會,就缺少「升值賺錢」的功能,會否減少對綠表人士的誘因?要研議和準確判斷。總之,綠表置居計劃若成功落實,或許是紓緩公營房屋困局的一條出路,只要有恰當安排,相信會得到較廣泛認同和支持。

Scheme to encourage home ownership

IN DELIVERING his policy address, Chief Executive (CE) Leung Chun-ying mentioned a pilot scheme for selling flats in the Housing Authority's (HA's) public rental housing (PRH) developments to Green Form people (those who live in PRH and those who have passed the detailed vetting and are due for flat allocation). On the face of it, such a scheme may further improve the housing ladder and make PRH units available to families on the PRH waiting list.

Public housing affairs are political. There are now about 20,000 well-off PRH tenants. For various reasons, they would rather pay market rents or what is one and a half or two times the normal rents than move out or buy Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) flats and surrender their PRH units. Furthermore, because of the mechanism under which PRH rents may go up or come down, the HA does not derive sufficient income from PRH rents for operating the PRH system. It must therefore be heavily subsidised. These two aspects of the PRH system do not seem right, but the authorities have no political clout at all to rectify them. The reason is that political parties and politicians rely so much on the huge numbers of PRH voters for their power that the authorities cannot possibly touch PRH tenants' interests in any manner.

In short, PRH tenants are now in a "super-stable" state maintained with an uninterrupted flow of money from the public purse. The HA subsidises the management and maintenance of PRH units. That costs it $2,200 a unit a year, or about $1.6 billion a year, there being 760,000 PRH units in the territory. The HA's finances are in poor shape, but it must keep putting up PRH. That is why the government has had to inject money into a public housing reserve fund. The HA, which is hard up for money, keeps producing PRH units. It is the government and ultimately the taxpayer that must foot the bill.

A pilot scheme along the lines the CE mentioned in his policy address holds out a possibility. If it is successfully implemented, at least the number of PRH tenants will increase less steeply. Its "one-for-one" feature would boost PRH circulation. Furthermore, if such a scheme is in place, the HA can recoup some money and use it to produce PRH. It may not be able to produce a unit for each unit sold, but money recouped is "living water". Such a scheme may help ease the financial burden on the HA and make the PRH system continuously operable.

An aspect of such a scheme that has aroused controversy is that it would allow PRH tenants to get "double benefit". This is the case. However, it would lead to a similar situation to allow Green Form people to buy HOS flats, and it is more important to boost the circulation of PRH resources, improve further the housing ladder and ease the financial burden on the HA. If people insist that the problem should be dealt with absolutely squarely, there will be little hope of overcoming the difficulty. It is a graver concern whether the pricing and resale arrangements of such a scheme and other necessary measures would induce Green Form people to give up their PRH units in favour of those offered under it.

In short, such a scheme may help ease the public housing difficulty if it is successfully implemented and will conceivably gain wide support and acceptance if suitable arrangements are made.

公屋營運需新思維 綠表置居可助解困

特首梁振英在施政報告提出「綠表置居先導計劃」,初步看來,這可以協助「綠表」人士,包括公屋住戶和已通過詳細審核並即將獲編配公屋的人士自置居所,進一步完善房屋階梯,而且可騰出單位給輪候公屋的家庭。

公屋事務攙雜了政治因素。現在約2萬個公屋富戶,他們基於種種原因,寧可繳交倍半、兩倍甚至市值租金,也不肯遷出、轉換居屋交回租住單位,又現在公屋租金的可加可減機制,房委會租金收入不可能維持公屋營運,要大量補貼。這兩點都是公屋現不合理之處,但是當局根本無政治能量匡正,因為龐大公屋住戶群體的選票,已經成為政黨、政客權力來源之所繫,使得公屋居民的利益,當局難以動其分毫。

綜合而言,公屋住戶群體處於「超穩定」狀態,代價就是公帑要持續補貼。現在公屋每個單位管理維修保養,房委會每年要補貼約2200元,目前全港約有76萬個公屋單位,單是這筆費用,每年需要約16億元。房委會整體財政瀕臨捉襟見肘,仍然要持續興建公屋,這就是政府要撥資源設立「公屋儲備金」的原因。房委會持續興建公屋,財政拮据由政府埋單,最終還是納稅人承擔。

綠表置居使人看到一個可能,就是若成功推行,起碼公屋租戶數目增速減慢,因為計劃設計是「一換一」,可以加快流轉。另外,房委會透過綠表置居計劃收回部分資金,用以繼續興建公屋,屆時即使不能賣一間、建一間,但是有資金回籠,就是活水。綠表置居可紓緩房委會財政壓力,使公屋營運可持續。

綠表置居計劃其中一個爭議,是使公屋租戶享受「雙重福利」,有關情確實存在。不過,綠表人士購買居屋也有同樣情況,問題是盤活公屋資源、進一步完善房屋階梯、減輕房委會財政負擔等是更大目標。在這個問題上若過於斤斤計較,則困局無望突破,反而定價轉售等安排和配套措施,能否吸引綠表人士棄公屋而轉投綠表置居,更值得關注。


總之,綠表置居計劃若成功落實,或許是紓緩公營房屋困局的一條出路,只要有恰當安排,相信會得到較廣泛認同和支持。

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