2017年12月7日 星期四

基建超支常態化 警惕制度藏禍根

<轉載自2017127 明報 社評>

本港大型基建工程嚴重超支成為常態,近日港鐵披露,沙中線主體工程超支23%,不排除還會攀升。港鐵羅列大堆「理由」解畫,聲稱七成超支涉及「外在因素」,說得頭頭是道,可是市民對各個細項超支情况一無所知,是否合理無從判斷。國際經驗顯示,大型基建工程涉款龐大,最易藏污納垢,出現管理不善、效率低下和貪污腐敗問題。公共工程嚴重超支頻頻,有可能只是表象,政府必須警惕背後是否存在制度問題,埋藏了禍根。

港鐵被指「食水太深」沙中線超支須細察

沙中線主體工程成本由708億增至873億元,超支165億元,若連同前期工程費用等在內,全長17公里的沙中線,整體工程造價增至971.63億元,平均每公里工程成本逾57億元,較高鐵香港段每公里32.47億元更高。沙中線是政府委託港鐵興建,擁有權屬於政府,需要承擔全數支出,港鐵除非疏忽犯錯,否則毋須「上身」承擔超支款項。這種制度安排,港鐵當然沒有太大誘因協助政府省錢。

港鐵面對外界質疑,強調超支金額七成涉及「外在因素」,單是宋皇臺站挖掘到宋元遺蹟,花在古蹟保育的開支,便達到41億元;另外,灣仔北涉及政府其他基建工程,導致港鐵接收工地延誤,加上政府和地區組織要求加建設施,也令工程造價增加。至於餘下三成「內在因素」,則包括建築工人短缺,以及遇上不利地質等問題,導致工程成本上升等。

港鐵的解釋,說白了就是「錯不在我」,工程超支只是為了滿足社會人士和政府要求,港鐵能夠排除萬難本已「難能可貴」,現在還兼顧「貢獻社區」,當真是「夫復何求」。誠然,如果政府不同部門真的因為協調出現問題,影響了交地進度,導致造價上升,當局確是難辭其咎,不過港鐵並未就超支問題提供細項詳情,外界無從衡量說法是否合理,也無法判斷所花的錢,究竟是物有所值無可避免,還是慷市民之慨的「冤枉錢」。

舉例說,港鐵透露保育宋元遺蹟工作,高峰期有多達300人在工地做考古工作,人手有否超出實際需要?港鐵為了配合古蹟發現,修改車站設計並加入考古元素,又有否考慮成本效益?凡此種種,政府有必要認真檢視。早在沙中線興建之初,港鐵向政府收取高達80億元「顧問費」,已被質疑「食水太深」,現在沙中線超支不明不白之處許多,市民難免懷疑港鐵有否「賴地硬」,又或一味歸因於保育古井和建造業人手短缺,轉移視線,向市民予取予攜。

沙中線工程複雜毋庸置疑,然而是否真的甚於1990年代興建的英法隧道,又或新近開通的日本北海道新幹線,市民難免心存疑問。英法隧道每公里造價16.5億港元,就算計及通脹,恐怕也未必及得上沙中線每公里造價;至於北海道新幹線,每公里造價更僅為2.5億元。根據世界銀行資料,內地高鐵每公里平均成本約為1.5億港元,國際平均成本約高一倍。今年初,英國高速鐵路2號「HS2」工程因為嚴重超支,在當地鬧得滿城風雨,據推算該鐵路每公里造價也不過是31億港元。即使撇除了與沙中線工程相關的社區設施項目,沙中線造價之巨,實在很難令市民輕易信服。

建造業易有「內置貪腐」大花筒文化同須提防

近年本港大型公共工程超支已成常態,金額動輒上百億元,由蓮塘口岸、高鐵香港段、西九文化區、港珠澳大橋乃至沙中線,超支比例由兩成到五成不等,究竟純屬巧合,還是另有制度結構因素,值得深思;僅將焦點放在建造業人手不足,容易忽略其他潛在問題。獲得世界銀行支持的「建造業透明倡議」(CoST)指出,管理不善效率低下以及貪污腐敗,是對建築工程效益的兩大威脅,兩者各自造成的損失,可以相當於工程開支一成至三成。

全球基建反貪中心(GIACC)指出,建造業特別容易出現貪腐現象,一大原因是大型工程的獨特性,承建商總可強調工程難以直接比較,容易抬高造價掩飾貪腐。大型基建工程牽涉很多專業,判上判等合約關係多不勝數,採購程序易鑽空子,報大數難度不高,貪腐手法幌子多多,毋須直接支付賄賂,安排虛構顧問職位一樣可以瞞天過海,政府要落實有效監督,並不容易。就算沒有明目張膽的貪腐行為,管理不善、組織能力不足,以及預測過度樂觀的慣性傾向,都容易衍生嚴重超支問題,損失最大的是納稅人。超級工程的複雜度和規模龐大,特別容易藏污納垢,潛藏種種浪費乃至貪腐,即使香港向以高效廉潔見稱,也必須對這類「內置貪腐」以及「大花筒文化」時刻警惕。

Be alert to the root causes of cost overruns

SEVERE COST OVERRUNS of mega infrastructure projects in Hong Kong have become the norm. The MTR Corporation has recently disclosed that the main works of the Shatin to Central Link (SCL) have run over budget by 23 per cent and the cost may rise further. The company attributes 70 per cent of the overrun to "external factors". Since citizens have no access to the breakdown, they have no means of judging whether the overrun is justified. Mega infrastructure projects involve huge amounts of money and are therefore prone to malpractices and irregularities — and problems such as poor management, low efficiency and corruption. Cost overruns that haunt public projects may only be symptomatic of systemic problems. The government must be alert to whether such problems exist.

The construction cost of the main works of the SCL has increased from $70.8 billion to $87.3 billion. The overrun is $16.5 billion. If the cost of advance works is included, the total construction cost of the 17-km SCL will be $97.163 billion, or on average over $5.7 billion a kilometre, which is much higher than the cost per kilometre of the Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL) ($3.247 billion).

The corporation emphasises that 70 per cent of the overrun involves "external factors". It has cost as much as $4.1 billion to preserve the antiques and monuments unearthed at a construction site of Sung Wong Toi Station. The construction cost has increased also because of the deferred site handover at Wanchai north to the corporation due to other government projects, and because of government and neighbourhood bodies' requests for more amenities. The remaining 30 per cent of the cost overrun is attributed to "internal factors", including the shortage of construction workers and unfavourable geological features. Such features have made the project costlier.

If the delay in the handover of construction sites to the corporation was a result of poor coordination between government departments, it will indeed be hard for the authorities to shift the blame. However, as the corporation has provided no breakdown of the cost overrun budget, there is no way one can judge whether what it has said is reasonable.

In recent years, severe cost overruns of major public projects have become the norm, and many of these overruns have exceeded $10 billion. The cost overrun percentages of Liantang Boundary Control Point, Hong Kong section of the XRL, West Kowloon Cultural District, HK-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and SCL have ranged from 20 per cent to 50 per cent. Has that merely been a coincidence? Have any systemic and structural factors been involved? This is worth pondering on. According to the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative (CoST), a project supported by World Bank, poor, inefficient management and corruption are two main factors that jeopardise the cost-effectiveness of construction projects. Either of them may cause losses equivalent to 10 per cent to 30 per cent of the cost of a project.

The Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Centre (GIACC) has pointed out that the construction sector is particularly prone to corruption. This is because the uniqueness of mega projects provides opportunities for corruption, which can be concealed by inflating costs. Mega infrastructure projects involve many professions, numerous subcontractors and all sorts of contractual relationships. It is easy to avail oneself of loopholes in procurement procedures and it is not hard to inflate the amounts to be paid. In other words, there are numerous ways of corruption. Even where corruption is not blatant, severe overruns may result from mismanagement, poor organisation and habitual tendencies towards overly optimistic budgeting. Hong Kong enjoys a reputation for efficiency and honesty, but we must always be alert to corruption that is inherent to such projects and the culture of overspending.

基建超支常態化 警惕制度藏禍根

本港大型基建工程嚴重超支成為常態,近日港鐵披露,沙中線主體工程超支23%,不排除還會攀升。港鐵聲稱七成超支涉及「外在因素」,可是市民對各個細項超支情況一無所知,是否合理無從判斷。大型基建工程涉款龐大,最易藏污納垢,出現管理不善、效率低下和貪污腐敗問題。公共工程嚴重超支頻頻,可能只是表象,政府必須警惕背後是否存在制度問題。

沙中線主體工程成本由708億增至873億元,超支165億元,若連同前期工程費用等在內,全長17公里的沙中線,整體工程造價增至971.63億元,平均每公里工程成本逾57億元,較高鐵香港段每公里32.47億元更高。

港鐵強調超支金額七成涉及「外在因素」,單是宋皇臺站花在古蹟保育的開支,便達到41億元;另外,灣仔北涉及政府其他基建工程,導致港鐵接收工地延誤,加上政府和地區組織要求加建設施,也令工程造價增加。餘下三成「內在因素」,包括建築工人短缺,以及遇上不利地質等問題,導致工程成本上升。

如果政府不同部門真的因為協調出現問題,影響了交地進度,導致造價上升,當局確是難辭其咎,不過港鐵並未就超支問題提供細項詳情,外界無從衡量說法是否合理。
近年本港大型公共工程超支已成常態,金額動輒上百億元,蓮塘口岸、高鐵香港段、西九文化區、港珠澳大橋乃至沙中線,超支比例由兩成到五成不等,究竟純屬巧合,還是另有制度結構因素,值得深思。世界銀行支持的「建造業透明倡議」(CoST)指出,管理不善效率低下以及貪污腐敗,是對建築工程效益的兩大威脅,兩者各自造成的損失,可以相當於工程開支一成至三成。

全球基建反貪中心(GIACC)指出,建造業特別容易出現貪腐現象,原因是大型工程的獨特性,容易抬高造價掩飾貪腐。大型基建工程牽涉很多專業,判上判等合約關係多不勝數,採購程序易鑽空子,報大數難度不高,貪腐手法幌子多多。就算沒有明目張膽的貪腐行為,管理不善、組織能力不足,以及預測過度樂觀的慣性傾向,都容易衍生嚴重超支問題。即使香港向以高效廉潔見稱,也必須對這類「內置貪腐」以及「大花筒文化」時刻警惕。

沒有留言:

張貼留言