2017年5月15日 星期一

中國擔綱全球化 行穩才能致遠

<轉載自2017515 明報 社評>
中國首次舉辦的「一帶一路國際合作高峰論壇」今日落幕,兩天來,包括29個國家元首和政府首腦在內的全球百多個國家千多賓客齊集北京,見證這場今年中國主場外交的「重頭戲」。由於之前一直冷待「一帶一路」倡議的美、日和朝鮮等國都派出代表與會,今次峰會可算是中國外交的一次豐收,並被認為是中國引領新型經濟全球化的標誌。今次峰會的成功,顯然提升了中國推進「一帶一路」戰略的信心。但中國此時更需要保持清醒的頭腦,保持耐心和戰略定力,「一帶一路」戰略應切忌欲速不達,行穩才能致遠。
自從國家主席習近平2013年首度提出「絲綢之路經濟帶」和「海上絲綢之路」構想以來,「一帶一路」計劃就成為中國外交的重點戰略,現在,「一帶一路」構想已從中國抗衡美國的跨太平洋合作伙伴協定(TPP)的周邊外交戰略,演變成中國擔起新全球化大旗的標誌。
對抗TPP到帶領全球化 開放包容切勿劃地為牢
3年多來,「一帶一路」除在中亞、東南亞、中東、歐洲等沿線國家投下上百億美元的重金,興建港口、鐵路、公路等基礎設施和製造業園區外,中國還一再強調改善沿線伊斯蘭國家的經濟發展,提升當地民眾生活水準,對於減少全球特別是西方的難民壓力,消解極端主義在全球的擴張,對應對國際恐怖主義都起到釜底抽薪的作用。
不過,西方世界對於中國「一帶一路」戰略的真實意圖仍有疑慮。儘管美、英、日等國有派代表出席這次北京峰會,意大利總理還親自赴會,但大部分西方先進國家領袖仍然缺席。在「一帶一路」框架下,西方國家中迄今也只有新西蘭一國與中方簽署了相關意向書。
按照峰會之前中國官方推出的《共建「「一帶一路」」:理念、實踐與中國的貢獻》來看,「一帶一路」並不限於沿線國家,也開始向非「一帶一路」沿線地區延伸,呼籲開展第三方合作,即所謂開放式的共建「一帶一路」,促進互利共贏。
如果中國政府的描述是準確的話,「一帶一路」戰略已不再是針對TPP的戰略對抗之舉。對參與「一帶一路」戰略的國家來說,中國也並不是他們的唯一伙伴選擇,對「一帶一路」本身而言,也是伙伴愈多愈有利,其中包括TPP(或者其他的組合)成員國。中國沒有必要去牽頭建立一個「小聯合國」式的「一帶一路」組織。如現在內地一些輿論般,定期盤點參與國家數目,炫耀開工多少項目或投資了多少錢,並不是一種健康的心態。
「一帶一路」既然是一個對新型全球化有貢獻的構想,就應該是包容開放多邊的合作,而不應由中國獨家大包大攬。事實上,推進「一帶一路」戰略,並不是中國的單向輸出,在推進這一戰略中,中國如何進一步對全世界開放,這才是中國最大的挑戰。
據中方公布的數字,2016年中國向「一帶一路」沿線國家的直接投資下跌了2%,中國對53個「一帶一路」國家的非金融類直接投資只佔中國對外投資的9%,國家開發銀行(CBD)對「一帶一路」國家的貸款餘額也下降了10億美元。這與內地輿論對「一帶一路」計劃的言過其實形成了鮮明對比,也說明計劃的推動仍有阻力,而中國政府的頭腦仍是冷靜的。
百年大計忌一哄而上 風險評估須記取教訓
「一帶一路」戰略既然不是中國輸出過剩產能的權宜之計,就應是互聯互通的百年大計,既毋須逞一時之快,亦不應爭一日之短長。所謂互利共贏的新型全球化,既不是大撒金錢的援助計劃,也不是TPP之類的自貿小圈子,就應在商言商,尊重經濟規律,服從商業邏輯。不能靠政府國企不問回報的硬性攤派式投資,亦要防止不肖商人掛「一帶一路」之名,行資產轉移、偷逃避稅,甚至掠奪性收購外國資產之實。前者會助長沿線國家獅子大開口之風,即使中國有3萬億美元外匯儲備,也終會不堪無度需索;後者則既損害國家經濟利益,又敗壞「一帶一路」戰略名聲,給推進這一國際戰略蒙上陰影。
「一帶一路」沿線國家政經局勢複雜,形勢多變,中國應汲取緬甸密松水電站和墨西哥高鐵等項目投資失敗的經驗教訓,對一些重點項目的推進,不能太急,搞運動式的一哄而上,對相關投資項目的外交和經貿風險必須有充分細緻的評估。政府對商業投資固然毋須保底包賺,但對民間資本走出國門理應提供足夠的資訊和外交護航。
中國過往近40年的改革開放,是摸着石頭過河,現在,做新型全球化的舵手,更是一項全新的事業,在風高浪急的「一帶一路」行進,也要步步為營,小心駛得萬年船。

China's leading role in globalisation
TODAY (May 15) the curtain comes down on the first China-hosted "Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation". Over the past two days, more than a thousand guests including heads of state or government of twenty-nine countries have gathered together in Beijing and witnessed there a major diplomatic show China has put up on its home turf. As the US, Japan and North Korea, which once were cold towards the "one belt, one road" (OBOR) proposal, are represented at the summit, one may say it is to China a diplomatic bumper harvest and regard it as that which symbolises the country's leadership in new economic globalisation. The summit has proved successful. That has clearly raised China's confidence in pursuing the OBOR strategy.
Being an idea contributive to new globalisation, OBOR should be inclusive, open and multilateral cooperation. China should not take up everything alone. It is not its one-way output to pursue the OBOR strategy. How should it further open itself to the rest of the world? This is in fact the biggest challenge China is faced with.
According to figures China has made public, in 2016, its direct investments in countries along OBOR dropped 2%, and its non-financial direct investments in fifty-three OBOR countries accounted only for 9% of its extra-territorial investment. That is in sharp contrast with exaggerations about OBOR that have appeared in the mainland media.
Not being China's expedient of exporting its excessive capacity, OBOR should be a plan of vital and lasting importance that would help countries to connect with one another and supply one another's needs. China should neither seek instant satisfaction nor strive for temporary superiority. As what is called mutually-beneficial, win-win new globalisation is neither an aid plan under which money is splashed out nor a small free trade circle like the TPP, China should focus on business when it does business, stand in awe of the laws of economics and abide by commercial logic. It must refrain from relying on compelling government agencies or state-owned enterprises to do their shares of investment regardless of returns and prevent unscrupulous businessmen from actually transferring their assets, evading paying tax or acquiring foreign assets predatorily under the pretext of OBOR. It must do the first part lest countries along OBOR should make excessive demands. Though China's foreign-exchange reserves amount to US$3 trillion, it will eventually find endless demands unbearable. It should do the second part lest the country's economic interests should be damaged, the OBOR strategy be brought into disrepute and the pursuance of that international strategy be clouded.
The politico-economic situations in countries along OBOR are complicated and highly changeable. China's Myitsone Dam project (in Myanmar) and its high-speed rail project in Mexico have met with failure. It should draw a lesson from what it has experienced. When it carries out such a major project, it must not rash must not rush headlong into mass action as if it were a political movement. It must fully and meticulously assess the risks such a project may entail in relation to diplomacy, economic relations and trade. There is of course no need for the government to ensure commercial investments will prove profitable or guarantee their minimum returns. However, it should provide non-government businesses investing in foreign countries with sufficient information and diplomatic escort.
For nearly forty years China has done what is similar to "touching rocks while crossing a river" in introducing reforms and opening itself to the rest of the world. It will take up a totally new role when it becomes the helmsman of new globalisation. When it navigates in the choppy OBOR waters, it must move with great care. Take care and care will prevail.
中國擔綱全球化 行穩才能致遠
中國首次舉辦的「一帶一路國際合作高峰論壇」今日(515日)落幕,兩天來,包括29個國家元首和政府首腦在內的全球百多個國家千多賓客齊集北京,見證這場今年中國主場外交的「重頭戲」。由於之前一直冷待「一帶一路」倡議的美、日和朝鮮等國都派出代表與會,今次峰會可算是中國外交的一次豐收,並被認為是中國引領新型經濟全球化的標誌。今次峰會的成功,顯然提升了中國推進「一帶一路」戰略的信心。
「一帶一路」既然是一個對新型全球化有貢獻的構想,就應該是包容開放多邊的合作,而不應由中國獨家大包大攬。事實上,推進「一帶一路」戰略,並不是中國的單向輸出,在推進這一戰略中,中國如何進一步對全世界開放,這才是中國最大的挑戰。
據中方公布的數字,2016年中國向「一帶一路」沿線國家的直接投資下跌了2%,中國對53個「一帶一路」國家的非金融類直接投資只佔中國對外投資的9%。這與內地輿論對「一帶一路」計劃的言過其實形成了鮮明對比。
「一帶一路」戰略既然不是中國輸出過剩產能的權宜之計,就應是互聯互通的百年大計,既毋須逞一時之快,亦不應爭一日之短長。所謂互利共贏的新型全球化,既不是大撒金錢的援助計劃,也不是TPP之類的自貿小圈子,就應在商言商,尊重經濟規律,服從商業邏輯。不能靠政府國企不問回報的硬性攤派式投資,亦要防止不肖商人掛「一帶一路」之名,行資產轉移、偷逃避稅,甚至掠奪性收購外國資產之實。前者會助長沿線國家獅子大開口之風,即使中國有3萬億美元外匯儲備,也終會不堪無度需索;後者則既損害國家經濟利益,又敗壞「一帶一路」戰略名聲,給推進這一國際戰略蒙上陰影。
「一帶一路」沿線國家政經局勢複雜,形勢多變,中國應汲取緬甸密松水電站和墨西哥高鐵等項目投資失敗的經驗教訓,對一些重點項目的推進,不能太急,搞運動式的一哄而上,對相關投資項目的外交和經貿風險必須有充分細緻的評估。政府對商業投資固然毋須保底包賺,但對民間資本走出國門理應提供足夠的資訊和外交護航。

中國過往近40年的改革開放,是摸着石頭過河,現在,做新型全球化的舵手,更是一項全新的事業,在風高浪急的「一帶一路」行進,也要步步為營,小心駛得萬年船。

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