2015年11月9日 星期一

習馬會後的機遇與挑戰

<轉載自2015119 明報 社評>
兩岸領導人習近平與馬英九兩人在新加坡的歷史性會晤結束後,在國際和台灣島內都引發了不小的迴響。雖然今次會面的重大意義絕不可低估,但會後如何落實兩人達成的共識才是兩岸關係未來的關鍵,而明年台灣的總統選舉,極大可能上位的民進黨主席蔡英文恰恰是反對「習馬會」最力者,這就令習馬會的後續效果出現變數。
中共有重視老友傳統 延續馬英九政治生命
台灣有政客糾纏於馬英九違背任內不去與大陸領導人會晤的諾言,卻忘記了馬英九近兩年多次期盼舉行習馬會並宣之於口,惟大陸方面一直不置可否。今次在距台灣大選僅有兩個多月、離馬英九卸任剩半年多之際,北京突然同意舉行習馬會,箇中既有對馬英九過去7年半推動兩岸關係的肯定,確認其歷史地位的意義,更有國家主席習近平對國際和中國發展戰略的考量,亦有大陸對台戰略的新思維,值得留意。
雖然馬英九任內施政備受詬病,但他對兩岸關係的貢獻在北京眼中是深受讚許的。中共有重視老朋友的傳統,無論是因「水門事件」黯然落台的美國前總統尼克遜,還是涉「洛歇醜聞」而聲名狼藉的日本前首相田中角榮,北京都將其對中美、中日關係的歷史性貢獻與個人私德缺失區分開來,一直不忘「舊情」,甚至惠及其親屬後人。對馬英九亦復如是,即使他任期尚餘不過7個月之短,習近平亦不惜以仍有7年任期之身紆尊降貴與其會面,就是對馬個人地位的肯定。以馬剛滿66歲之齡,未來不排除會取代80高齡的連戰,成為大陸在台的「超級聯繫人」。
習馬會雖然只有提升兩岸熱線層級一項具體成果,看似象徵意義大於實質意義,但卻達成了習近平的預期效果﹕即為未來兩岸關係佈局,同時向明年很大機會當選台灣總統的民進黨主席蔡英文喊話,劃下紅線。
佈局兩岸關係新思維 向蔡英文喊話劃紅線
所謂為未來兩岸關係佈局,反映了習近平對台政策的新思維。月前習近平對美、英兩國的國事訪問以及最近南海形勢、中日韓關係的新發展,一方面反映了中國國力上升和「一帶一路」發展戰略的新機遇,另一方面亦反映了中美兩國的新衝突點矛盾有激化可能。而中共剛公布的十三五規劃建議中,將2020年國民經濟較2010年翻一番全面實現小康社會視作壓倒一切的最高目標。在此背景下,盡量確保周邊的和平穩定,是中國大戰略的不二選擇。
在這一大戰略下,習近平的對台政策在「不獨、不武」方面與馬英九的兩岸政策高度契合,至於馬所說的「不統」,在中共心目中,也是「緩統」而非「急統」,而要做到「緩統」就必須限制「急獨」,拖慢「緩獨」進程。因此,既然蔡英文和台灣主流民意都是要「維持現狀」,習近平就藉「習馬會」之機把「現狀」的實質挑明﹕就是堅持「九二共識」是兩岸關係和平發展的政治基礎。
表面看前天的「習馬會」是二人對話,但蔡英文猶如習馬會的第三名與會者,習馬兩人很多話都是講給蔡聽的。習近平月前曾表示兩岸關係若「基礎不牢,地動山搖」,這一基礎就是「九二共識」。前天他很多軟話裏也深藏硬骨,如「當前,兩岸關係發展面臨方向和道路的抉擇」,「讓歷史悲劇不再重演,讓兩岸關係和平發展成果不得而復失」,「以對民族負責,對歷史負責的擔當作出經得起歷史檢驗的選擇」。無異於為明年上台執政的民進黨劃定了紅線,確實「框限」了蔡英文未來傾獨的選擇。
一國兩區或一國兩府 兩岸關係或有新空間
不過,習馬會同時亦為兩岸關係未來的發展開啟了新的空間。這次習近平、馬英九分別以大陸領導人和台灣領導人的身分會面,令人意識到,北京雖然封死了「兩個中國」、「一中一台」的門,但卻開啟「一國兩區」「一國兩府」甚至「一國之下的兩個對等的政治實體」的想像空間。用馬英九的話說,就是「互不承認主權,互不否認治權」,用北京的話來說,就是「在一個中國的原則底下,什麼問題都可以談」。因此,可以說習近平的對台策略也是「硬的更硬,軟的更軟」。
不過,這一切在明年很大機會當選總統的蔡英文看來,都是對台灣未來選擇的「框制」和「縮限」。有美、日兩國暗地的推波助瀾,明年台灣變天後的兩岸關係仍是陰晴未定。作為離兩岸最近距離的地區,台海的任何波瀾都對香港構成直接的影響,港人對此不可不察。

Opportunities and challenges
THE HISTORIC MEETING between Beijing leader Xi Jinping and Taipei leader Ma Ying-jeou in Singapore has had serious repercussions in Taiwan and other parts of the world. Though its enormous significance must in no way be underestimated, how cross-strait relations will fare hinges on how the consensus they reached will be carried out. Chairwoman of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Tsai Ing-wen, who is likeliest to win the presidential election next year, was more strongly opposed to the Xi-Ma meeting than anybody else. That is why there are variables in what may happen in consequence of the meeting.
Xi's policy towards Taiwan is quite similar to Ma's towards cross-strait affairs. What Ma refers to as "no reunification" is in Chinese Communist eyes "slow reunification" rather than "hasty reunification". To ensure "slow reunification", it is necessary to restrict "rapid independence" and slow down "slow independence". Tsai and the mainstream in Taiwan favour "maintaining the status quo". That being the case, Xi took occasion at the Xi-Ma meeting to make it clear what "the status quo" should be in essence. Beijing insists that the 1992 Consensus should be the political basis for the peaceful development of cross-strait relations.
On the face of it, two chaps dialogued at the Xi-Ma meeting last Saturday. However, Tsai seems to have been a third party to it. Much of what was said at it was meant for Tsai's consumption. About a month ago, Xi said earth-shaking changes would ensue unless cross-strait relations were built on a perfectly secure basis. That basis is the 1992 Consensus. Many remarks Xi made are like a velvet glove covering an iron fist. For example, he said, "Cross-strait relations are now faced with a choice of directions and ways. ... Let us see that the historical tragedy will not repeat itself and the fruits reaped of the peaceful development of cross-strait relations will not be lost and let us make choices that will stand the test of history with commitment to being responsible to the nation and to history." He has as good as pointed a red line which the DPP (which is expected to come to power next year) may not cross and which actually "limits" Tsai's separatist options.
Nevertheless, the Xi-Ma meeting also points to new possibilities in the development of cross-strait relations. From what happened at the meeting between Xi and Ma in their respective capacities as the mainland and Taiwan leaders, one may perceive that, though Beijing has shut the door on "two Chinas" and "one China and one Taiwan", it has left the door open for thinking about "one country, two regions", "one country, two governments" and even "one country, two political entities on an equal footing". In Ma's words, the two sides need not recognise each other's sovereignty and should not deny each other's jurisdiction. In Beijing's words, "all can be discussed under the one China principle". Therefore, one may say Xi's strategy for dealing with Taiwan is harder than ever in one way and softer than ever in another.
However, in the eyes of Tsai Ing-wen, who is most likely to get elected president next year, all this limits Taiwan's future choice. As the US and Japan make waves on the sly, it is not certain how cross-strait relations may fare after Taiwan has seen a change of government next year. Hong Kong being in the closest proximity to the two regions, any disturbances in the Taiwan Strait affect it directly. To this Hong Kong people must not be oblivious.
習馬會後的機遇與挑戰
兩岸領導人習近平與馬英九兩人在新加坡的歷史性會晤結束後,在國際和台灣島內都引發了不小的迴響。雖然今次會面的重大意義絕不可低估,但會後如何落實兩人達成的共識才是兩岸關係未來的關鍵,而明年台灣的總統選舉,極大可能上位的民進黨主席蔡英文恰恰是反對「習馬會」最力者,這就令習馬會的後續效果出現變數。
習近平的對台政策與馬英九的兩岸政策高度契合,至於馬所說的「不統」,在中共心目中,也是「緩統」而非「急統」,而要做到「緩統」就必須限制「急獨」,拖慢「緩獨」進程。因此,既然蔡英文和台灣主流民意都是要「維持現狀」,習近平就藉「習馬會」之機把「現狀」的實質挑明﹕就是堅持「九二共識」是兩岸關係和平發展的政治基礎。
表面看上星期六的「習馬會」是二人對話,但蔡英文猶如習馬會的第三名與會者,習馬兩人很多話都是講給蔡聽的。習近平月前曾表示兩岸關係若「基礎不牢,地動山搖」,這一基礎就是「九二共識」。他很多軟話裏也深藏硬骨,如「當前,兩岸關係發展面臨方向和道路的抉擇」,「讓歷史悲劇不再重演,讓兩岸關係和平發展成果不得而復失」,「以對民族負責,對歷史負責的擔當作出經得起歷史檢驗的選擇」。無異於為明年上台執政的民進黨劃定了紅線,確實「框限」了蔡英文未來傾獨的選擇。
不過,習馬會同時亦為兩岸關係未來的發展開啟了新的空間。這次習近平、馬英九分別以大陸領導人和台灣領導人的身分會面,令人意識到,北京雖然封死了「兩個中國」、「一中一台」的門,但卻開啟「一國兩區」「一國兩府」甚至「一國之下的兩個對等的政治實體」的想像空間。用馬英九的話說,就是「互不承認主權,互不否認治權」,用北京的話來說,就是「在一個中國的原則底下,什麼問題都可以談」。因此,可以說習近平的對台策略也是「硬的更硬,軟的更軟」。

不過,這一切在明年很大機會當選總統的蔡英文看來,都是對台灣未來選擇的「框制」和「縮限」。有美、日兩國暗地的推波助瀾,明年台灣變天後的兩岸關係仍是陰晴未定。作為離兩岸最近距離的地區,台海的任何波瀾都對香港構成直接的影響,港人對此不可不察。

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