2016年3月14日 星期一

從兩會看中央對台對港政策

<轉載自2016314 明報 社評>
初春的全國兩會從來都是了解國家大政方針之處,中央也往往透過這個窗口對外發放信息。今天,政協大會已經落幕,領導人落團亦告一段落。從之前中央領導人對於台灣、香港問題發言的表現來看。今年中央的對台對港政策,或可用16字概括﹕「服從大局,穩定為上,大政不變,順勢而行」。
國家主席習近平說過,「不謀全局者不足謀一域」。未來中央對台、對港工作,固然要因應兩地政治形勢的丕變,但是總體則要服從和服務中央工作的全局,而不能讓台、港工作干擾影響全局。
十三五開局籌備十九大 對台對港政策服從全局
什麼是未來中央工作的全局?第一是經濟發展。今年是「十三五規劃」的開局之年,也是實現「兩個百年」奮鬥首個目標﹕ 2021年全面建成小康社會決勝階段的開局之年。然而,目前國內外不利經濟發展的因素眾多,要保持6.5%以上增速不是易事;第二,明年將召開中共十九大,組成新的領導班子,制訂承前啟後的路線、方針。
這些都將是全國以至全球關注的大事。如何做好各項工作,保證領導層順利換屆,已經被提上議事日程。由此看來,「服從大局,穩定為上」,是中央對台對港工作的必然之義。
在對台政策方面,習近平、全國政協主席俞正聲及國台辦主任張志軍都高調發聲,會內會外迴響強烈,成為兩會「主旋律」之一,後日的總理李克強記者會,可能會再成話題。習近平在講話中強調,大陸對台方針政策不會因台灣政局變化而改變,又清楚表示,只要承認「九二共識」的歷史事實,認同其一中「核心意涵」,兩岸雙方就有了共同政治基礎,就可以保持良性互動。其調子較去年的「地動山搖」有所降低。而「認同其核心意涵」更是頗具新意的提法,展現了北京對蔡英文政權的善意,也給了蔡英文520就職演說一個更為寬鬆的空間。
高層頻密高調對台發聲 520前為蔡定調劃紅線
而國台辦主任張志軍的補充則是﹕不認同兩岸同屬一中的核心意涵,就是改變現狀。顯然是在扮演黑臉角色,也是針對蔡英文「維持現狀」的模糊說法,阻止蔡只概括承接馬英九的兩岸關係成果,而不承認「九二共識」的核心意涵的企圖。也可以說給蔡英文政權劃了「紅線」。
北京高層對台灣問題的密集發聲,當然是針對蔡英文的520就職演講為時間點,也是為未來4年的兩岸關係定調。完全不提兩岸經濟合作以及之前的服貿協議和貨貿談判,突顯的是兩岸關係的政治屬性,政治不正確則一切皆成空。
接下來,就看蔡英文在520就職演說上如何表述了。
北京之前有與民進黨的陳水扁政權鬥了8年,有現成的經驗對付親台獨政黨的執政,加上兩岸實力差距愈拉愈大,有信心掌控兩岸關係的主動權。對於兩岸可能進入「冷和」局面,大陸方面也會小心拿揑,即使下決心制裁也力求保護兩岸和平發展的既有成果。
與台灣問題成為今年全國兩會的熱門話題形成鮮明對照的是,香港問題在今次兩會未成熱點,習近平和李克強對香港問題未置一詞,全國政協工作報告和政府工作報告對香港問題也是輕描淡寫。
對港宣示低調輕描淡寫 突顯經濟地位保持信心
對港問題發言的最高領導人是全國人大委員長張德江和港澳辦主任王光亞。出人意表的是,兩人都未具體提到農曆新年的旺角暴亂事件,王光亞僅稱香港「出了點事」。張德江更表示香港有些矛盾是有歷史原因,有些是深層次矛盾,希望大家不要把這些問題看得太嚴重,應該集中精力發展經濟。又大談香港在國家十三五規劃中的作用,呼籲勿將經濟問題「泛政治化」,稱不論是對於國際還是整個國家而言,香港都要作為一個重要的國際金融中心存在,「這才是香港的角色和定位!」
無論是上述講話, 還是政協工作報告、政府工作報告,都未如前兩年那樣省略「港人治港、高度自治」,而是將這兩句與「一國兩制」並列,把話說完整了。
對北京來說,台灣是仍有分離危險的領土,香港則是已回歸的特別行政區,並無分離危險。對香港問題的這種宣示, 是希望顯示中央確保「一國兩制」在香港不走樣、不變形的決心,增強港人對「一國兩制」的信心。同時也突顯香港問題的經濟屬性,香港若經濟地位不保,則萬事皆休。
雖然在國家經濟的大棋盤上,香港的位置有所邊緣化,但香港很多特長和特色仍是無法替代的。在中央眼中,目前香港工作的主要方向與前3年不一樣。經過佔中和政改失敗,特首普選工程已非當務之急。香港主要還是個經濟城市,要提升在國家經濟發展和對外開放中的地位和功能。總體而言,香港日趨激化的矛盾要靠全面準確貫徹一國兩制方針和《基本法》去解決,而不是走其他方法。
因此,即使在立法會選舉之年,再發生旺角暴亂這樣的事,北京也以平常心對待,不想再激化矛盾,這也是兩會對香港問題看似輕描淡寫的主因。

Beijing's policy towards Taiwan and Hong Kong

LIANGHUI (the annual sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), held in early spring) has always been that from which one may learn about the country's general and specific policies, and the central authorities often give out information through this window. Judging from what leaders of the central authorities have said about Taiwan and Hong Kong, one may say the policies towards Taiwan and Hong Kong the central government will pursue this year can perhaps be summed up with a line consisting of sixteen Chinese characters that means "[they should] subordinate everything to the overall situation, put stability first, keep general policies unchanged and go along with the tendency of events".
About the mainland's policy towards Taiwan, Xi Jinping, Chairman of the CPPCC Yu Zhengsheng and Director of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council Zhang Zhijun have voiced their views amid much fanfare. In his address Xi stressed that the mainland's general and specific policies towards Taiwan would remain unchanged despite changes in the political situation there and made it clear that the mainland and Taiwan would have such common political basis that they could continue to interact with each other favourably as long as the "1992 consensus" historical fact was acknowledged and its crucial "one China" signification was agreed with.
No top Beijing leaders have said anything about cross-strait economic cooperation, the agreement on trade in services or the talks on trade in goods. The political nature of cross-strait relations is what has been underscored. All will be void if there is political incorrectness.
It remains to be seen what representations Tsai Eng-wen will make in her inaugural speech on May 20.
The question of Taiwan has been a hot topic at lianghui this year. In stark contrast to that, the question of Hong Kong has not been a focus at it. Neither Xi Jinping nor Li Keqiang has said a single word about it, and it has been played down in the CPPCC's work report and the government's.
The highest-ranking officials that have said anything about Hong Kong are Chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC Zhang Dejiang and Director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office Wang Guangya. Surprisingly, neither has specifically mentioned the riot Mong Kok saw in Lunar New Year. Wang Guangya has only said some troubles have happened in Hong Kong, and Zhang Dejiang has said some contradictions that exist in Hong Kong have been caused by what happened in the past and some of them are deep seated, adding that he hopes few would attach excessive gravity to those issues and all should devote their energies to developing the economy. He has talked at length about what Hong Kong can do in relation to the country's 13th five-year plan. He has warned against "pan-politicising" economic issues and said Hong Kong should exist as an important international financial centre both to the world and to the whole country. "That alone is Hong Kong's role and positioning."
As far as Beijing is concerned, Taiwan is territory remaining in danger of separation, but Hong Kong, which has reverted to Chinese sovereignty and is now a special administrative region, is in no danger of separation. Such declarations about the question of Hong Kong have been made in the hope of evincing the central government's determination to prevent "one country, two systems" from being disfigured and boost Hongkongers' confidence in it and, at the same time, underscoring the economic nature of the question of Hong Kong and emphasising that all will prove futile if Hong Kong loses its economic status.
Mainly an economic city, Hong Kong ought to boost the functions it performs in the country's economic development and opening-up. In short, Hong Kong's contradictions, which are ever intensifying, cannot be resolved otherwise than by implementing "one country, two systems" and abiding by the Basic Law in an accurate and all-round way.
Therefore, though Hong Kong will see legislative elections this year, Beijing takes the Mong Kok riot as nothing unusual. It does not want contradictions to intensify further. This is a chief reason why the question of Hong Kong seems to have been played down at lianghui.
從兩會看中央對台對港政策
初春的全國兩會從來都是了解國家大政方針之處,中央也往往透過這個窗口對外發放信息。從中央領導人對於台灣、香港問題發言的表現來看,今年中央的對台對港政策,或可用16字概括﹕「服從大局,穩定為上,大政不變,順勢而行」。
在對台政策方面,習近平、全國政協主席俞正聲及國台辦主任張志軍都高調發聲。習近平在講話中強調,大陸對台方針政策不會因台灣政局變化而改變,又清楚表示,只要承認「九二共識」的歷史事實,認同其一中「核心意涵」,兩岸雙方就有了共同政治基礎,就可以保持良性互動。
北京高層完全不提兩岸經濟合作以及之前的服貿協議和貨貿談判,突顯的是兩岸關係的政治屬性,政治不正確則一切皆成空。
接下來,就看蔡英文在520就職演說上如何表述了。
與台灣問題成為今年全國兩會的熱門話題形成鮮明對照的是,香港問題在今次兩會未成熱點,習近平和李克強對香港問題未置一詞,全國政協工作報告和政府工作報告對香港問題也是輕描淡寫。
對港問題發言的最高領導人是全國人大委員長張德江和港澳辦主任王光亞。出人意表的是,兩人都未具體提到農曆新年的旺角暴亂事件,王光亞僅稱香港「出了點事」。張德江更表示香港有些矛盾是有歷史原因,有些是深層次矛盾,希望大家不要把這些問題看得太嚴重,應該集中精力發展經濟。張又大談香港在國家十三五規劃中的作用,呼籲勿將經濟問題「泛政治化」,稱不論是對於國際還是整個國家而言,香港都要作為一個重要的國際金融中心存在,「這才是香港的角色和定位!」
對北京來說,台灣是仍有分離危險的領土,香港則是已回歸的特別行政區,並無分離危險。對香港問題的這種宣示, 是希望顯示中央確保「一國兩制」在香港不走樣、不變形的決心,增強港人對「一國兩制」的信心。同時也突顯香港問題的經濟屬性,香港若經濟地位不保,則萬事皆休。
香港主要還是個經濟城市,要提升在國家經濟發展和對外開放中的地位和功能。總體而言,香港日趨激化的矛盾要靠全面準確貫徹一國兩制方針和《基本法》去解決,而不是走其他方法。
因此,即使在立法會選舉之年,再發生旺角暴亂這樣的事,北京也以平常心對待,不想再激化矛盾,這也是兩會對香港問題看似輕描淡寫的主因。

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