<轉載自2012年3月15日 明報社評>
總理溫家寶在任內最後一次中外記者會上,在回答房價和自評擔任總理9年工作成敗時,都提到體制問題,他直截了當地提出,必須進行政治體制改革,否則「文化大革命這樣的歷史悲劇,還有可能重新發生」。最近幾年,溫家寶多次提出政改,以今次「不政改,文革有可能重臨」的說法最嚇人;以他對國情的掌握,應該不會信口雌黃,但是溫家寶說改革阻力重重,在尚餘1年任內,相信政治體制改革停滯不前,中國前景怎麼辦?將是溫總離任時留下的問題。
天災人禍常見身影 「我們的總理」親民形象鮮明
這些年,內地有人形容溫家寶是「中國影帝」,指他在演戲,堂堂13億人民的總理,對此相信絕不好受。溫家寶公職生涯45年,擔任總理迄今9年,他的功過成敗,並非三言兩語可以概括,昨日,他總結9年總理工作,並無邀功,只強調「沒有因為不負責任而造成任何一件事情上的失誤」,對任職期間中國經濟和社會所發生的問題,表示負責任,並為此感到歉疚。
溫家寶總管「萬民之事」,為政府施政概括承受責任,這是行政首長的應有之義,由於不確知他的主觀局限和受到什麼客觀掣肘,因此溫總雖然坦承「工作還有許多不足」,但是未能判斷他具體要負多少責任。不過,過去9年,每逢有天災人禍,都會見到溫家寶的身影,汶川大地震如是,年前華南雨雪災害如是,溫州動車事故等如是。溫家寶對人民苦痛事事上心,並且躬親處理,「我們的總理」相信是他留給人民的最深刻記憶。
溫家寶在記者會,起碼兩次提到體制問題和改革阻力。在總結9年工作時,他說「由於能力所限,再加上體制等多方面原因,我的工作還有許多不足」,回答房價問題時,他說房地產市場涉及中央和地方的利益關係,涉及金融企業和房地產企業的利益,改革的阻力相當之大。過去,外界認為以內地的體制,只要中央令下,誰敢不從?但是溫家寶身處總理高位,切身感受到體制掣肘和既得利益集團阻撓,折射出內地政經前景,埋下了不可知的隱患。
數年來,溫家寶在許多場合,一再提出要改革政治體制,今次更直率地說,「沒有政治體制改革的成功,經濟體制改革不可能進行到底,已經取得的成果還有可能得而復失,社會上新產生的問題,也不能從根本上得到解決,文化大革命這樣的歷史悲劇還有可能重新發生」。中國改革開放30多年,很多人都以為不會走回頭路,但是按溫家寶的說法,連文革這樣的災難也可能捲土重來,則市場經濟、私有產權等資本主義產物,還可能安枕無憂嗎?溫家寶這番話,會使人對內地政經前景重新評估。
中國經濟改革取得巨大成就,舉世公認,但是內地不少學者的研究,都指出經濟發展到了瓶頸,若體制不及時調整,例如減低大型國企的壟斷地位,會衝擊整體經濟,而隨着經濟發展,衍生分配不公、貧富懸殊、誠信缺失和貪污腐敗等問題,使內地社會宛如壓力煲,群體性事件不斷,整體社會正滑向失序、失控軌道。這幾年,當局雖然大增「維穩費」,例如今年就高達7000億元,但是愈維穩,社會愈不穩。這種失衡,相信是溫家寶所說「每個有責任的黨員和領導幹部都應該有緊迫感」的基礎。
中共主導體制改革 只會鞏固執政地位
政治體制改革,已經是中共不能迴避的課題。其實,以中共的執政地位,控制全部政經資源,若主動帶領改革,只會匡正政治、經濟、社會等諸多流弊,從而更鞏固中共的執政地位。以廣東省汕尾市烏坎村事件為例,廣東省委不選擇鎮壓,選擇依法辦事,在透明度極高情况下,讓村民自行選出村委會,負責管理烏坎村,循法律程序追索土地。烏坎村被形容為內地突破的民主選舉,不過,廣東省委汪洋表示並非制度創新,只是按相關規定辦理而已。
烏坎村事件,說明只要按法律辦事,就可以化解矛盾,中共仍然在烏坎村執政,這是廣東省委主導依法辦事的結果。按溫家寶的政改理念,應該只是發展社會主義民主,並非外部世界的三權分立政治體制,不過,內地改革目標,不能脫離國情,若透過改革建立一套制度,然後厲行法治,確保中共和政府依法辦事,使中國的政治經濟在制度保障下,得以持續發展和提升,當局並無拒絕之理。
溫家寶就政治體制改革,多年來在唱獨腳戲,他不無感慨地說,「我知道,人們不僅看我說什麼、我的理想和信念,更看我通過自己的努力能夠實現什麼樣的目標。」他在這方面一事無成,只能說,「我可以對大家講,為了中國改革開放事業,只要還有一口氣,我就奮鬥一天。」
今年全國政協會議的大會決議,未提政治體制改革,只能靠溫家寶透過記者會向外界傳達他仍然鍥而不捨地推動政改,在他餘下1年任期,政改難望有進展;1年後,溫總帶着未竟之志離任,留下經濟成果還有可能得而復失,文革悲劇還有可能重新發生的「危言」,13億人民可以怎麼辦?除非中共指出溫家寶錯誤,否則,中共有責任、也必須回答這個問題。
Wen's Call for Political Structural Reform
AT his last press conference to answer questions by Chinese and overseas reporters in the capacity of China's premier, Wen Jiabao pointed out categorically that political structural reform is needed, or "historical tragedies like the Cultural Revolution may happen again". Understanding China as well as he does, Wen can't possibly have made such a remark without some concrete justification. Unhappily, he also pointed out that there are formidable barriers to reform. Whither China?
Today there are people who call Wen China's Best Actor, saying that he is forever play-acting. As premier of a nation of 1.3 billion people, Wen certainly does not relish such a nickname. He has been in public service for 45 years, and served as premier for nine years. It is quite impossible to sum up his achievements and shortcomings in a few sentences. Yesterday, however, Wen said he should assume responsibility for the economic as well as social problems that have arisen during his term of office as premier, for which he said he is sorry.
At the press conference, Wen at least twice made mention of political structural problems and the barriers to reform. Now it is generally believed that China's political structure is such that the central government's orders cannot but be obeyed. But premier though he was, Wen evidently feels restrained by the political structure and hampered by vested interest groups, which highlights the potential threats to the nation's future political as well as economic development.
In the past few years, Wen has on many occasions called for political structural reform. Yesterday, he said unequivocally: "Without successful political reform, it's impossible to carry out economic reform thoroughly. There's even the possibility of losing what we've so far achieved. Also, it will be impossible to fundamentally resolve the new social problems that have arisen over the years, and historical tragedies like the Cultural Revolution may happen again." After more than thirty years of reform and opening up, many believe that China has reached the point of no return. But is it really so? Wen's words seem to provide grounds for a reassessment of China's political and economic prospects.
The tremendous achievements of China's economic reform have won international recognition. However, the nation's economic development has also spawned a host of problems, such as unfair distribution, disparity between the rich and the poor, lack of credibility, and corruption, which have in turn led to unending mass disturbances, and social order is seriously threatened. Political structural reform is an issue that the Chinese Communist Party can no longer afford to ignore. As the ruling party is in complete control of China's political and economic resources, there is no reason why the authorities should refuse to take the lead in political reform, which can help eliminate many political, economic, and social evils, and thus further buttress the CCP government's position.
The political resolution approved by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference this year makes no mention of political structure reform. So there can be little hope of any progress in this respect. With Wen retiring in a year's time and his political reform ambition unfulfilled, what China has so far achieved economically may be lost, and tragedies like the Cultural Revolution may still happen. What are the 1.3 billion people to do? This is a question the CCP should and must answer - unless they can prove that Wen's views are much mistaken.
明報社評 2012.03.15﹕「政治體制不改革,文革悲劇有可能重演」
總理溫家寶在任內最後一次中外記者會上,他直截了當地提出,必須進行政治體制改革,否則「文化大革命這樣的歷史悲劇,還有可能重新發生」。以他對國情的掌握,應該不會信口雌黃,但是溫家寶說改革阻力重重,中國前景怎麼辦?
這些年,內地有人形容溫家寶是「中國影帝」,指他在演戲,堂堂13億人民的總理,對此相信絕不好受。溫家寶公職生涯45年,擔任總理迄今9年,他的功過成敗,並非三言兩語可以概括,昨日,他總結9年總理工作,對任職期間中國經濟和社會所發生的問題,表示負責任,並為此感到歉疚。
溫家寶在記者會,起碼兩次提到體制問題和改革阻力。過去,外界認為以內地的體制,只要中央令下,誰敢不從?但是溫家寶身處總理高位,切身感受到體制掣肘和既得利益集團阻撓,折射出內地政經前景,埋下了不可知的隱患。
數年來,溫家寶在許多場合,一再提出要改革政治體制,今次更直率地說,「沒有政治體制改革的成功,經濟體制改革不可能進行到底,已經取得的成果還有可能得而復失,社會上新產生的問題,也不能從根本上得到解決,文化大革命這樣的歷史悲劇還有可能重新發生」。中國改革開放30多年,很多人都以為不會走回頭路,溫家寶這番話,會使人對內地政經前景重新評估。
中國經濟改革取得巨大成就,舉世公認,但是隨着經濟發展,衍生分配不公、貧富懸殊、誠信缺失和貪污腐敗等問題,使群體性事件不斷,整體社會正滑向失序、失控軌道。政治體制改革,已經是中共不能迴避的課題。其實,以中共的執政地位,控制全部政經資源,若主動帶領改革,只會匡正政治、經濟、社會等諸多流弊,從而更鞏固中共的執政地位,當局並無拒絕之理。
今年全國政協會議的大會決議,未提政治體制改革,政改難望有進展;1年後,溫總帶着未竟之志離任,留下經濟成果還有可能得而復失,文革悲劇還有可能重新發生的「危言」,13億人民可以怎麼辦?除非中共指出溫家寶錯誤,否則,中共有責任、也必須回答這個問題。
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