<轉載自2018年9月10日 明報 社評>
本月初800萬名內地新生升讀大學,他們是第一批本世紀出生的大學生,今後在各自的人生以及為國家能夠發揮的作用,前途無可限量。然而,決定誰能夠入讀大學的高考制度,則會影響國家培養人才的計劃,並且彰顯社會公平和公義,目前公布的改革方案,將會擴大教育資源的「貧富懸殊」差距,落後地區的孩子,升讀大學的機會將會降低。
今年在校大學生人數達到3700萬,成為世界之最,相比新中國成立時入學率只有0.26%,以至改革開放之初的1.55%,現在已經達到將近五成。這是國家財政能力不斷提升的表現,也是重視教育的佐證,然而,學額增多與入學率提高,未必代表高考制度公平。過去莘莘學子要過「千軍萬馬過獨木橋」的高考,通過篩選才能升讀大學,而今還是要通過高考來決定他們能夠入讀質量參差極大的不同的大學。
打破一試定終身 不公平差距擴大
高考有兩大職能,汰弱留強以及排列考生成績高低,淘汰考生的功能減弱,所以需要改革,此外,社會形態由農業社會發展到工業社會,而今逐步進入信息社會,所要求的人才特質也不一樣,培養人才的方式也需要轉變。為了打破文理分科可能禁錮學生思維的弊端,高考改革將會變為3+3模式,即語文、數學和英語3科必考,其餘3科任意選擇;為了打破一試定終身的弊端,將採取某些科目可以一年舉行兩次考試供學生選擇,以及增加大學自主招生的額度和更多注重平常成績。這些從表面上看來,都是十分好的做法,但把它放在中國現實的角度看,則未必是公平公正的做法,甚至會擴大原來已經不公平的差距。
過去高考考生要考七八個科目,增加難度是為淘汰學習能力跟不上的學生,而今改為3科自選,不但降低了難度,還增加了選擇的自由,而且符合現今社會對綜合素質的人才需求,可是,增加應考科目的選擇,意味着學校要增加老師數量和教室數量。全國不同省份的資源有天壤之別,由於教育經費分別由中央與地方政府配套提供,財政能力差的地方,不但無法提供標準的撥款,更遑論增加資源?湖南耒陽最近發生家長集體上訪事件而造成的衝突,即是一例。2017年耒陽的教育經費佔政府開支的2.36%,今年政府預算收入減少14.72%,也就無法保持去年的水平,更可能要削減,而教育部要求一個班級的人數不能過多,超出的部分被分流到質量更差的學校甚至是私校,家長「鬧事」,也就情有可原。
高考改革增加選科自由,要求學校增加老師與設備,北京上海等大城市,或者東部沿海省份經濟實力強的地方,當然有可能應對,西部省份和落後地區,教育經費原來已經不足,何來增加?新的改革措施要求英語科不但要考筆試,還要考聽力和口語,更是造成不公平競爭的機制。目前英語教師數量奇缺,而且分佈不均,北京的學校不但有足夠的合資格教師,還有外教,高考增加聽力和口語,學生應付游刃有餘。而落後地區的情况,一般是小學三年級才開始學英語,初中和高中的英語教師即使有,無論數量和資格都不足,學生要跟北京上海的比併,這樣的英語高考,無疑是一場大衛與歌利亞的決鬥。
教育資源「貧富懸殊」 落後地區雪上加霜
大學自主招生可以強化大學的辦學個性,找準適當的考生,但這樣一來,對農村和偏遠地區的考生不利,他們可以通過刻苦用功鯉躍龍門,但要他們在談吐舉止和識見上跟北京上海的學生一較高下,顯然是會輸蝕的。今年北京大學的新生中,來自西部地區的只有23%,這還是在國家有政策傾斜的情况才能做到,今後的高考改革,來自教育資源匱乏地區的考生,勢必進一步下降。
全國不同省份教育資源的「貧富懸殊」,導致教師都不願意到三四線城市任教,農村更加糟糕,在原來已經不足的情况下,還會被各級別的城市,層層抽走人才,雖然中央政府以及一些重視教育的省份,會提供較為優厚的條件獎勵,從全國招聘教師到偏遠山區任教,但杯水車薪,根本改變不了現狀。現在的高考改革,對中學和中學教師的要求分量加重,在原來就資源不均衡分配的情况下,發達的將會更發達,落後的將會更加落後,更難做到公平公正。
教育部正在推行一個「優質均衡」的目標,從中央財政直接撥款給貧困地區的學校,一時間大興土木建體育場,買電腦設備,現在幾乎已經做到每間學校都有多媒體的設施,有的三線城市學校還有3D打印機等等,硬件設備追上大城市,但在教師的資格和素質方面,跟大城市比還是望塵莫及,在這種情况下,推展全國統一的高考制度,無疑是使落後地區雪上加霜,從制度上對落後地區的剝削,傷害更大,多少硬件設施都彌補不了。資源分配的差異將會造成人才分佈的差異,對落後地區的考生,極不公平。
Gaokao reforms: those trailing will lag further behind
EARLY this month eight million students in mainland China entered
university. The first batch of university students born in this century, they
see boundless prospects for not only their separate lives but also the country.
The National Higher Education Entrance Examination (Gaokao) system, which
determines who can go to university, affects the way talent is nurtured for the
country and manifests social fairness and justice. The reform package unveiled
the other day will widen the "glaring rich-poor discrepancy" in
educational resources, lowering the chances of young people living in backward
areas of going to university.
This year in China, students currently studying at university number 37
million, which is the biggest number in the world. While the university entry
rate was 0.26% when new China was proclaimed and 1.55% at the outset of
"Reform and Opening up", it has almost reached 50% now. This attests
to the continuing increase in the country's financial strength and the
country's emphasis on education. However, the availability of more university
places and rise in the entry rate do not necessarily mean that the Gaokao
system is fair. In the past, students sat the Gaokao examination in their
multitudes like millions of troops and horses competing for the use of a
single-plank bridge, and could go to university only after selection. Now it is
still the Gaokao examination that determines who can go to which of the
universities, which vary substantially in quality.
The Gaokao examination carries two functions, i.e. eliminating the weak
in favour of the strong, and ranking students in order of academic achievement.
Reform is needed because the first function is not as important as before.
Furthermore, as society gradually develops from an agricultural one to an
industrial one and ultimately becomes an information society, it needs
different types of talent, which also necessitates a change in the way of
nurturing talent. As the differentiation between arts and sciences has the
potential drawbacks of confining students' ways of thinking, the reform of the
Gaokao examination will be such that only three subjects, namely Chinese,
mathematics and English, will be compulsory, while students will be able to
choose the remaining three subjects. To tackle Gaokao's another problem, i.e.
the determination of a student's destiny by a single examination, the
examinations of certain subjects will be held twice a year to give students a
choice. Furthermore, universities will be given more autonomy in the enrolment
of students, and more emphasis will be placed on continuous assessment. On the
surface, these are good practices. However, considering China's actual
situation, they are not necessarily fair or just, and could widen the gap,
which is itself unfair.
The Ministry of Education is implementing a "high-quality balanced
development" scheme, which involves transferring money directly from the
central government's coffers to schools located in impoverished regions. School
gymnasiums have been put up on a large scale and computer equipment has been
acquired, with almost every school equipped with multimedia facilities. Some
schools in third-tiered cities even possess 3D printers, making them on a par
with schools in big cities. However, in terms of teachers' credentials and
quality, big cities still leave these third-tiered cities in the dust. Such
being the case, a standardised Gaokao system implemented across the country
will only exacerbate the plight of backward regions, as that will amount to an
institutional exploitation of these regions, causing so much harm that no
amount of hardware and facilities can compensate for. The discrepancy in
resource allocation will translate into an imbalance of talented people, which
will be extremely unfair to candidates in backward regions.
高考改革適得其反 落後的更落後
本月初800萬名內地新生升讀大學,他們是第一批本世紀出生的大學生,今後在各自的人生以及為國家能夠發揮的作用,前途無可限量。然而,決定誰能夠入讀大學的高考制度,則會影響國家培養人才的計劃,並且彰顯社會公平和公義,目前公布的改革方案,將會擴大教育資源的「貧富懸殊」差距,落後地區的孩子,升讀大學的機會將會降低。
今年在校大學生人數達到3700萬,成為世界之最,相比新中國成立時入學率只有0.26%,以至改革開放之初的1.55%,現在已經達到將近五成。這是國家財政能力不斷提升的表現,也是重視教育的佐證,然而,學額增多與入學率提高,未必代表高考制度公平。過去莘莘學子要過「千軍萬馬過獨木橋」的高考,通過篩選才能升讀大學,而今還是要通過高考來決定他們能夠入讀質量參差極大的不同的大學。
高考有兩大職能,汰弱留強以及排列考生成績高低,淘汰考生的功能減弱,所以需要改革,此外,社會形態由農業社會發展到工業社會,而今逐步進入信息社會,所要求的人才特質也不一樣,培養人才的方式也需要轉變。為了打破文理分科可能禁錮學生思維的弊端,高考改革將會變為3+3模式,即語文、數學和英語3科必考,其餘3科任意選擇;為了打破一試定終身的弊端,將採取某些科目可以一年舉行兩次考試供學生選擇,以及增加大學自主招生的額度和更多注重平常成績。這些從表面上看來,都是十分好的做法,但把它放在中國現實的角度看,則未必是公平公正的做法,甚至會擴大原來已經不公平的差距。
教育部正在推行一個「優質均衡」的目標,從中央財政直接撥款給貧困地區的學校,一時間大興土木建體育場,買電腦設備,現在幾乎已經做到每間學校都有多媒體的設施,有的三線城市學校還有3D打印機等等,硬件設備追上大城市,但在教師的資格和素質方面,跟大城市比還是望塵莫及,在這種情况下,推展全國統一的高考制度,無疑是使落後地區雪上加霜,從制度上對落後地區的剝削,傷害更大,多少硬件設施都彌補不了。資源分配的差異將會造成人才分佈的差異,對落後地區的考生,極不公平。
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