<轉載自2018年9月3日 明報 社評>
中國今年最大規模的主場外交盛會2018年中非合作論壇今日(3日)將在北京開幕,54個非洲國家中,除與台灣有邦交的斯威士蘭外,53國都會出席,上周末,已有多國元首抵京先期展開國事訪問。預料國家主席習近平在峰會上將會就中非合作再作宣示。近年隨着中國在非洲的投資和貿易快速增長,有關中國在非洲扮演角色的爭議也愈來愈多,相信中方也有意藉今次峰會向外界澄清一些誤解。
已成非洲頭號貿易伙伴 投資總額排英美法之後
與已有近百年投資非洲歷史的歐美國家相比,中國在非洲累積投資所佔比重微不足道,按照聯合國2016年統計數字,中國的投資近年的確大增,但仍排在美、英、法等國之後,居第四。2016年與2011年相比,美國的投資總額依然是570億(美元,下同),沒有增減;英國略有增加,由540億增至550億;法國不增反減,由520億降至490億;中國則由160億增至400億,大增一倍多。2017年一年中國對非直接投資31億,接近2003年的40倍。貿易方面,中國連續9年成為非洲第一大貿易伙伴,雙邊貿易額去年達1700億,增長14%;今年上半年達988億,增長16%。
中國與非洲的淵源始於上世紀60年代,當非洲很多國家還是西方的殖民地時,北京已向當地游擊隊提供軍援,非洲多國領導人都有留學中國或在中國軍校受訓的經歷。1970年代,全長1800多公里的坦(桑尼亞)贊(比亞)鐵路,是中國改革開放前對外援助的最大單一基建項目。1991年由時任外長錢其琛定下的中國外長每年首次出訪必先到非洲的規矩,至今已持續了28年。習近平就任國家主席6年來三度訪非,今年5月至今,中央領導三巨頭習近平、栗戰書、汪洋分別先後訪非,足迹遍佈撒哈拉以南(Sub-Saharan)的非洲10國。
近年,中國在非洲的投資和營商模式,備受西方輿論質疑。有批評指中國只在意非洲的礦產資源和壓榨當地廉價勞動力,而中方援助和投資的「不附帶政治條件」,又助長了專制和腐敗政權,甚至稱中資和中國人到非洲是「新殖民主義」。
歐美近年對非洲的投資興趣大減,只作人道援助,西方輿論反過來指摘中國按照市場邏輯與非洲的貿易和投資,除價值觀和意識形態理由外,也反映出西方的戰略焦慮。
商業模式按市場邏輯 中資僱員當地人為主
中國在非洲確實以投資為重,以2015年中國宣布的3年對非資金支持600億美元為例,其中僅有50億為援助。中國對非洲的最大貢獻是提供了不同的選擇,這也正是中國早年農村改革和市場經濟發展遵循的邏輯:其核心是激發人的積極性,合理配置資源。從實際效果來看,中國的資金已經初步改變了非洲的命運,自從習近平2015年12月在中非合作論壇約翰內斯堡峰會上提出中非「十大合作計劃」以來,中資企業在非洲已建成和在建的項目,將為非洲新增約3萬公里公路、年處理8500萬噸貨物的港口容量、日供900萬噸的清潔供水能力、近2萬兆瓦發電能力和3萬多公里輸電線路,並創造近90萬就業職位。非洲的經濟起飛是本世紀最令人鼓舞的發展之一,而中資大量湧入非洲正是從本世紀初開始的。
鑑於中國國內市場對資源的龐大需求,中國對非洲的投資主要集中於礦產和能源領域,這也與全球投資者對非洲的興趣一樣,關鍵是投資一定要符合當地法律和環保政策,照顧到當地民風,交易公平。
在非洲的中資企業在環保、勞工福利等方面的確仍有很多改善空間,美國CNN在埃塞俄比亞的最新報道亦指出,外界關於中資只僱用華人,不願聘請當地人的指控並不準確,當地一間中埃合資工廠的177名員工中,只有一名中國人。國際投資顧問公司麥肯錫(McKinsey & Company)去年對非洲8國1000多家中資公司的調查亦發現,平均89%員工是當地人。
非洲的12.5億人口十分年輕,據估算到2050年將會翻倍達到50億。國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)最新報告亦指出,未來20年全球主要勞動力增長會在非洲,必將吸引大批包括中國在內的外來投資。但非洲畢竟有50多國,既有發展迅速的成功國家,也有全球最貧困的失敗國家,兩極分化十分嚴重。只要一體化尚未完成,其市場還是處處壁壘,整合難度和政經風險也很高。中國與非洲的合作與投資,也應該如「一帶一路」計劃一樣,要趨利避害,做好風險管控。近年中國開始嘗試與英、法等第三國聯手在非洲展開項目合作,不失為一種明智的探索。
China's investment in Africa
THE 2018 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, the grandest diplomatic
occasion China plays host to this year, is to open today (September 3) in
Beijing. Of all the 54 African nations, 53 will attend the event, with the only
exception of Swaziland, which has diplomatic ties with Taiwan. Last weekend
heads of several African nations arrived in Beijing on state visits. Xi
Jinping, the Chinese president, is expected to make further announcements on
China-Africa cooperation at the summit. As China's investment in and trade with
Africa have grown quickly in recent years, there have also been increasing
controversies over the role it has played in Africa. It is believed that the
Chinese authorities intend to clarify some misunderstandings by virtue of this
summit.
Compared with European and American countries, which have invested in
Africa for almost a century, China's accumulated investment in Africa pales
into insignificance. According to figures from the United Nations for the year
2016, China's investment in Africa did increase dramatically in recent years,
still it was ranked fourth behind the United States, the United Kingdom and
France. Between 2011 and 2016, the US's investment remained constant at US$57
billion. The UK's investment rose mildly from US$54 billion to US$55 billion.
France's dropped from US$52 billion to US$49 billion. China's more than doubled
from US$16 billion to US$40 billion. China's direct investment in Africa in
2017 amounted to $3.1 billion, almost 40 times that of 2003. As for trade,
China was Africa's biggest trade partner for nine years in a row, with
bilateral trade amounting to US$170 billion last year, an increase of 14%. The
figure was US$98.8 billion for the first half of this year, an increase of 16%.
In recent years, China's investments and business models in Africa have
been challenged by Western commentators. Some have criticised China for caring
only about Africa's mineral resources and exploiting the cheap labour there.
Furthermore, as China's assistance and investment "do not come with
political conditions attached", they have promoted autocratic and
kleptocratic regimes, the argument goes. Some have even called Chinese capital
and Chinese people in Africa "new colonialism".
Africa's population of 1.25 billion is very young, and it is estimated
that it will multiply to five billion in 2050. The latest report by the
International Monetary Fund also points out that most of the labour growth in
the world over the next 20 years will happen in Africa. This will inevitably
attract foreign investment including that from China. However, as there are
more than 50 countries in Africa, including the successful ones that have
developed rapidly and failing ones that are the poorest in the world, the
polarisation is striking. As long as integration remains unfinished, the
African market is still full of barriers, with a high level of difficulty of
integration and politico-economical risks. As with the Belt and Road
Initiative, China's cooperation with and investment in Africa should be handled
in a profit-pursuing and harm-avoiding manner, and risk management should be
adequate. In recent years, China has begun to cooperate with third parties such
as the UK and France on projects in Africa. It can be said that this is a
sensible exploration.
中國投資非洲落後歐美 西方關注反映戰略焦慮
中國今年最大規模的主場外交盛會2018年中非合作論壇今日(3日)將在北京開幕,54個非洲國家中,除與台灣有邦交的斯威士蘭外,53國都會出席,上周末,已有多國元首抵京先期展開國事訪問。預料國家主席習近平在峰會上將會就中非合作再作宣示。近年隨着中國在非洲的投資和貿易快速增長,有關中國在非洲扮演角色的爭議也愈來愈多,相信中方也有意藉今次峰會向外界澄清一些誤解。
與已有近百年投資非洲歷史的歐美國家相比,中國在非洲累積投資所佔比重微不足道,按照聯合國2016年統計數字,中國的投資近年的確大增,但仍排在美、英、法等國之後,居第四。2016年與2011年相比,美國的投資總額依然是570億(美元,下同),沒有增減;英國略有增加,由540億增至550億;法國不增反減,由520億降至490億;中國則由160億增至400億,大增一倍多。2017年一年中國對非直接投資31億,接近2003年的40倍。貿易方面,中國連續9年成為非洲第一大貿易伙伴,雙邊貿易額去年達1700億,增長14%;今年上半年達988億,增長16%。
近年,中國在非洲的投資和營商模式,備受西方輿論質疑。有批評指中國只在意非洲的礦產資源和壓榨當地廉價勞動力,而中方援助和投資的「不附帶政治條件」,又助長了專制和腐敗政權,甚至稱中資和中國人到非洲是「新殖民主義」。
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