2020年11月17日 星期二

《基本法》追本溯源 往昔少管今須合度

 <轉載自20201118 明報 社評>

《基本法》頒布30周年,由6年前佔領運動到去年反修例風暴,香港政局動盪甚而演變至暴亂,此際從憲政架構到法律層面,審視香港實踐一國兩制發生了什麼事,重塑基本共識以繼續前行,既適時也有必要。香港局勢,於總結經驗教訓除了彰顯「一國」之尊、全國人大常委會權力不容挑戰,為治亂舉措確立法理依據以外,須超越嚴管多管思緒,回顧國家對港特殊方針政策本源,探索新情勢之下,一國兩制如何運行下去。中央在港體現須合度,仍然是箇中關鍵。

鄧小平「干預論」 中央不得已才用

中央處理香港回歸,由「一國兩制、港人治港、高度自治、繁榮穩定」16字總體精神,到12條特殊方針政策,都在《基本法》160條條文體現出來,當時就法律框架,較普遍認知是中央不管香港內部事務,由港人按高度自治原則自行管理。現在經常強調的中央對香港有「全面管治權」,到20146月《『一國兩制』在香港特別行政區的實踐》出版之前,鮮有提及;同樣地,即使鄧小平的「必要干預論」,說法也是「切不要以為香港事情全由香港人來管,中央一點都不管就萬事大吉,這種想法不切實際」,又說「如果中央把什麼權力都放棄,就可能出現一些混亂,損害香港的利益,所以保持中央的某些權力,對香港有利無害」。此乃前瞻讜論,極具政治智慧。須注意,鄧小平所說中央權力,基本上是「備而不用」,不得不管才用。基本上還是少管香港。

199771日之後,一國兩制按《基本法》踐行,那些年,除了中央恪守不干預香港事務,就內地省市來港營商、人員往來都有嚴格限制,目的是避免香港管治受到內地因素影響。那些年,中聯辦官員在公開場合,就記者提問香港事務,都耍手擰頭,不發表任何意見。即使2003年《基本法》23條立法,引發大規模遊行之後,中央調整了對港方針,也只是「不干預,有所作為」,仍然強調不干預。

回溯中央對港方針政策到法律框架,於處理香港事務,基調都是「少管」。當然,經過佔領運動與反修例風暴之後,中央對香港事態認知,並非爭取普選那麼簡單,認為性質是內外敵對勢力要奪取香港管治權,甚而要把香港從中國分裂出去。正如原基本法委員會主任喬曉陽昨日在法律高峰會表示,內外敵對勢力已經嚴重危害香港經濟、繁榮穩定,嚴重危害國家安全,突破了一國兩制底線,「一忍再忍,忍無可忍,不能再忍,再忍下去就要犯歷史性錯誤」,他這個說法,相信確切反映中央對香港局勢的判斷和取態。中央最終出手,固然說明對介入香港事務之長期克制,不過,香港事態惡化並非一朝突發,而是漸進形成,孰令致之?是單方面或多方面因素形成?值得思考。

事態發展,顯示一國兩制在香港踐行23年之後,已經變形和走樣。無論從中央原本少管,變得大力介入,要體現「全面管治權」,如是;或是香港被一些人推上與中央對抗、引入外力,把香港引向獨立之途,都與香港回歸原先設計不一樣。而且按實際情况,香港內外情况起了變化,包括外力介入、中央以敵我矛盾看待反對力量等,香港已經不能回到《港區國安法》實施之前了。反修例風暴反映香港基本失控,單憑特區政府之力,無法矯正,中央以《港區國安法》止亂,是為勢所迫,也是情勢所需,否則香港局面無法收拾。

中央涉港務成常態 須合度並勿亂擴權

《港區國安法》實施4個多月,就法律框架而言,《港區國安法》是繼憲法、基本法兩份憲制文件之後,凌駕其他香港法律;就管治而言,《港區國安法》具有執法功能,其立竿見影之效,憲法和基本法都不具備。迄今所見,《港區國安法》用於政治層面事宜,例如遏制分裂與港獨,打擊勾連外部勢力等力量;不過,政府以違反《基本法》104條宣誓條例,DQ 4名立法會議員之外,正在研議將之擴及其他公職人員,屆時「觸及面」有多寬廣,各方密切留意。另外,中央在港「全面管治權」還將在什麼環節、領域體現,不僅關乎香港管治,也涉及政治定位與國家發展佈局的功能和作用,備受各方關注。

香港事態,中央由少管而強調全面管治,介入實際管治有多深廣,尚待觀察,惟「中央因素」日後於香港管治,將成為新常態。需要指出的是,在香港,搞分裂、搞港獨、勾連外部勢力對付香港和國家的人,只是少數,《港區國安法》實施之後,他們已被壓制並有瓦解迹象,設若權力當局為了打擊一小撮而使一大片受牽連,是否合乎比例、會否惹來無辜者反彈,當局必須謹慎因應,切忌一頭熱,以為有了尚方寶劍而把大片香港人推向對立面,將會得不償失。香港的獨特性對於國家發展,例如金融領域仍有一定作用。一國兩制對各方都有局限,必須接受,否則必然失序而亂,於中央須避免在香港出現「一放就亂、一亂就收、一收就死」的怪圈。即使管,也要合度。切勿不必要擴權。

30 years after Basic Law's promulgation

THIRTY YEARS have passed since the Basic Law was promulgated. Between the Occupy Movement six years ago and last year's anti-amendment storm, Hong Kong's political situation changed from an upheaval to a riot. It is both timely and necessary to examine what happened to Hong Kong's implementation of One Country Two Systems from a constitutional and legal perspective so as to re-forge a basic consensus so as to continue our journey ahead.

The central government's handling of Hong Kong's handover can be summarised into the guiding spirit of "One country two systems; Hong Kong people running Hong Kong; a high degree of autonomy; prosperity and stability". This, together with the 12 special measures, is enshrined in Article 160 of the Basic Law. The legal framework was generally understood as the central government refraining from interfering in Hong Kong's internal affairs and letting Hong Kong people handle their own affairs under the principle of a high degree of autonomy. The idea of the central government's "overall jurisdiction" over Hong Kong often emphasised today was rarely mentioned before the publication of "The implantation of One Country Two Systems in the HKSAR" in June 2014. Similarly, even Deng Xiaoping's idea of "necessary interference" was such that "do not think that Hong Kong affairs will all be handled by Hong Kong people and that everything will be alright if the central government does not interfere a bit. This is unrealistic." He also said that "if the central government gives up all power, there could be some chaos and Hong Kong's interests could be harmed. It will only benefit Hong Kong if the central government retains certain power".

After 1 July 1997, "One country, two systems" was implemented in accordance with the Basic Law. Back in those years, not only did the central government adhere to the principle of not interfering in Hong Kong affairs, but even business people and government officers coming from mainland provinces and cities into Hong Kong were also under strict restrictions so as to avoid the governance of Hong Kong from being affected by mainland factors. Back in those years, officials of the liaison office shied away from questions about Hong Kong affairs on open occasions. They did not make any comments. Even after Article 23 legislation in 2003 triggered large-scale protests and the central government adjusted its policies towards Hong Kong, the new principle was nothing more than "no interference but getting things done". "No interference" was still emphasised.

Things have so developed that "One country, two systems" has been twisted out of shape 23 years after its implementation. The central government has changed its attitude from refraining from interference to vigorous interference so as to fulfil the "overall jurisdiction". At the same time, Hong Kong has been pushed by some people into opposing the central government, inviting foreign forces and leading Hong Kong down a road to independence. Both of these developments are not the same as the original design. Furthermore, the real situation is such that Hong Kong's internal and external situations have changed, as foreign forces have interfered in Hong Kong and the central government is treating the opposition in Hong Kong with a mindset of "enemy-us struggles".

The government has disqualified four Legislative Councillors, arguing that they have violated Article 104 of the Basic Law. It is studying the expansion of the scope to cover other public office holders. All sides are paying close attention as to how wide the scope will be. Furthermore, in which links or areas will China's "overall jurisdiction" over Hong Kong be manifested ? This will have to do with not only Hong Kong's governance but also Hong Kong's political positioning and its functions and roles in China's master plan. This is being closely watched by all sides.

《基本法》追本溯源 往昔少管今須合度

基本法》頒布30周年,由6年前佔領運動到去年反修例風暴,香港政局動盪甚而演變至暴亂,此際從憲政架構到法律層面,審視香港實踐一國兩制發生了什麼事,重塑基本共識以繼續前行,既適時也有必要。

中央處理香港回歸,由「一國兩制、港人治港、高度自治、繁榮穩定」16字總體精神,到12條特殊方針政策,都在《基本法》160條條文體現出來,當時就法律框架,較普遍認知是中央不管香港內部事務,由港人按高度自治原則自行管理。現在經常強調的中央對香港有「全面管治權」,到20146月《『一國兩制』在香港特別行政區的實踐》出版之前,鮮有提及;同樣地,即使鄧小平的「必要干預論」,說法也是「切不要以為香港事情全由香港人來管,中央一點都不管就萬事大吉,這種想法不切實際」,又說「如果中央把什麼權力都放棄,就可能出現一些混亂,損害香港的利益,所以保持中央的某些權力,對香港有利無害」。

199771日之後,一國兩制按《基本法》踐行,那些年,除了中央恪守不干預香港事務,就內地省市來港營商、人員往來都有嚴格限制,目的是避免香港管治受到內地因素影響。那些年,中聯辦官員在公開場合,就記者提問香港事務,都耍手擰頭,不發表任何意見。即使2003年《基本法》23條立法,引發大規模遊行之後,中央調整了對港方針,也只是「不干預,有所作為」,仍然強調不干預。

事態發展,顯示一國兩制在香港踐行23年之後,已經變形和走樣。無論從中央原本少管,變得大力介入,要體現「全面管治權」,如是;或是香港被一些人推上與中央對抗、引入外力,把香港引向獨立之途,都與香港回歸原先設計不一樣。而且按實際情况,香港內外情况起了變化,包括外力介入、中央以敵我矛盾看待反對力量等。

政府以違反《基本法》104條宣誓條例,DQ 4名立法會議員之外,正在研議將之擴及其他公職人員,屆時「觸及面」有多寬廣,各方密切留意。另外,中央在港「全面管治權」還將在什麼環節、領域體現,不僅關乎香港管治,也涉及政治定位與國家發展佈局的功能和作用,備受各方關注。

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