<轉載自2016年2月1日 明報 社評>
就在國家主席習近平上任後首度與美國總統奧巴馬會晤的加州安納伯格莊園,本月中旬將會召開首次美國與東盟國家首腦峰會。美國國務卿克里上周對東盟輪值主席國老撾和東盟中最鐵桿的中國盟友柬埔寨的訪問,主題只有一個﹕即圍繞南海問題,結成對華的統一戰線。
美國舉辦東盟峰會 針對中國意味明顯
新年伊始,中美關係除了在南海問題矛盾愈趨尖銳之外,也面臨台灣問題的新挑戰。
過去一個月,美國副國務卿布林肯、國務卿克里接踵訪華,先後會晤了國台辦主任張志軍、外長王毅、國務委員楊潔篪和國家主席習近平,主要圍繞台灣問題、朝核問題、南海問題等討價還價。
美軍太平洋司令部司令哈里斯上周在公開演講中,除繼續譴責中國在南海島礁的行動外,還罕見地表示,他個人認為這些島嶼不屬於中國。又表示若日本控制的釣魚島遭中國攻擊,美軍毫無疑問會出兵防衛。
美國舉辦史上首次與東盟十國的峰會,無非是要達到政經雙重目的,經濟上拉東盟十國加入跨太平洋合作伙伴協議(TPP),政治上則是統一東盟在南海問題上的對華立場。
在東盟十國中,菲律賓、新加坡本來就是美國盟國;泰國也是美國的準盟國;越南在南海問題上「以美制華」傾向明顯;去年以來,以往立場較為中立的大馬、印尼、文萊態度也有所變化,不時對中國的造島行動有所批評;至於在南海衝突中本來置身事外的緬甸、老撾和柬埔寨3國今次在峰會中的態度,頗引人注目。如果在今次峰會中美國爭取到十國哪怕是表面上的一致對華批評,也是其「重返亞太」戰略的重大進展。
台海問題美方含糊 朝核問題華不讓步
中美在南海問題的角力日趨白熱化的同時,一度已淡出中美重點議題的台灣問題又有漸成新焦點之勢,在台灣大選後,美國副國務卿布林肯迅即訪京,會晤國台辦主任張志軍。在克里訪華時,外長王毅再次強調,台灣問題是影響中美關係的核心問題,敦促美方恪守堅持一個中國政策、遵守反對「台獨」的承諾。而克里僅回應,美方堅持一中政策沒有變化,不支持「台灣獨立」,支持台海兩岸繼續保持對話。
其中「支持台海兩岸繼續保持對話」的表態意味深長。表面看,可理解為敦促民進黨繼續與北京對話。但蔡英文當選後,北京一再強調「九二共識」是兩岸對話的基礎和條件,逼蔡接受這一條件。但現在看來,蔡英文未必會全盤接受這一條件,美方對「九二共識」也未加背書,若大陸單方面中斷兩岸對話,美方的上述表態也可理解為針對北京。
特別是當兩岸問題糾纏上南海紛爭,就如最近馬英九登上太平島一事中美雙方的不同取態,就令中美台的三角關係更加敏感複雜。
在東北亞,中美兩國雖然同意聯合國對第四度核試的朝鮮採取新的制裁,但對於制裁的力度以及解決朝核問題的手段有較大分歧。中方反對美方提出的中斷對朝石油供應的制裁,也不同意美韓提議的踢開朝鮮的五方會談方案。簡而言之,中美雖都希望朝鮮半島無核化,但中方還要力保朝鮮半島和平穩定,並認為和平穩定是目標,實現無核化只能談判協商,制裁不是目的,解決問題才是關鍵。可見,與美方要推翻平壤政權的目標大相徑庭。
不過,中美關係今年雖然面臨嚴峻挑戰,但雙方也都無意撕破面皮。首先,當前全球面臨的最大難題是經濟衰退,對於世界第一、第二大經濟體,中美兩國目前的現狀是你中有我,一損俱損,兩國雖然齟齬不斷,但雙方誰也承擔不起經濟上攤牌的後果,像TPP和亞投行這樣的零和遊戲,只能是做做樣子的政治姿態而已。
你中有我互有需求 雙邊關係柳暗花明
其次,在實務方面,雙方也互有需求,除了朝核問題外,美國於3月底4月初在華府舉辦的第四屆全球核安全峰會,亟需中方合作,習近平很大機會親自再度赴美與會,算是給奧巴馬一個大人情,也創下中國領導人在7個月內兩度訪美以及在美國大選年訪美兩項紀錄,為中國的大國外交添彩;而在台灣問題上,中方也希望得到美方配合,至少在與民進黨的博弈中,希望美國不要介入太深。另外,中國今年9月將在杭州首度舉辦G20峰會,奧巴馬已表態將會出席,如無意外,9月習奧將作兩人任內最後一次會面。
山重水複疑無路,柳暗花明又一村。新的一年中美關係充滿挑戰,特別是美國總統大選在即,雖然兩黨的領先候選人,無論是特朗普還是希拉里,在競選活動中都對中國不假辭色,但北京似乎並不特別擔心。因為無數歷史事實證明,在現實面前,再多敵意的美國總統上任後都是「可以教育好的」。當然,如何順利度過這段上任初期的「教育期」,就考驗中南海和華府的智慧了。
Sino-US sword-crossing
IT
IS in the Annenberg Retreat (California), where Xi Jinping met for the first
time after he had taken office his US counterpart Barack Obama, that the first
US-ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) summit is to take place in
the middle of this month. Last week US Secretary of State John Kerry visited
Laos (which currently chairs ASEAN) and Cambodia (an ASEAN member that is
China's staunchest ally). He had only one theme - to put together a united
front against China over the South China Sea question.
Since
the new year began, not only have conflicts between China and the US
intensified about the South China Sea, but they have been faced with a new
challenge that has arisen from the Taiwan question.
No
sooner had the last presidential election ended in Taiwan than US Deputy
Secretary of State Antony Blinken went to Beijing to meet Director of the
Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council Zhang Zhijun. When John Kerry was in
China, Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi again urged the US to adhere to its
one-China policy and honour its pledge to be against taidu (Taiwan's
independence). Kerry said in response only the US's adherence to its one-China
policy would remain unchanged, it would not support Taiwan's independence and
it supported on-going cross-strait dialogue.
As
regards Northeast Asia, though China and the US are agreed that new sanctions
be imposed against North Korea (which has carried out its fourth nuclear test),
they differ quite strongly with each other about the severity of the sanctions
to be imposed and the means of solving the problem of North Korea's nuclear
programme. In short, both China and the US want the Korean Peninsula
nuclear-free, but China also wants efforts to be made to keep it peaceful and
stable. Furthermore, it believes denuclearisation can only be achieved through
negotiations and talks. It can thus be seen what China wants is poles apart
from the US's aim of toppling the North Korean regime.
However,
though relations between China and the US pose dire challenges this year,
neither intends to quarrel with the other openly. First, the biggest difficulty
besetting the globe now is recession. The US and China being now respectively
the largest and the second largest economy of the world, their interests are so
intertwined that they thrive or shrivel together. Though they keep bickering
with each other, neither can bear what may result from an economic showdown.
Zero-sum games like the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) and the AIIB (Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank) are meant to be political gestures - just for
show.
Furthermore,
they need each other in dealing with the question of North Korea's nuclear
programme and other real matters. Because of the 4th Nuclear Security Summit
(to be held in Washington DC in late March and early April this year), the US
badly needs China's cooperation. Xi Jinping is very likely to go to the US
again to take part in it - to do Obama a favour of sorts and to give colour to
China's power diplomacy by setting two records (visiting the US twice in seven
months and going there in a presidential election year in his capacity as a Chinese
leader). As for the Taiwan question, China hopes it will have the US's
cooperation and the US will at least refrain from involving itself excessively
deeply in playing games with the Democratic Progressive Party.
In
the new year, Sino-US relations pose many challenges. This is the case
especially because the US is about to see a presidential election. The two
parties' leading candidates (Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton) are both severe
in speech and countenance when it comes to China in their respective campaigns,
but that does not particularly worry Beijing, for innumerable cases show that,
however hostile a US presidential candidate may be, he/she "can be
properly educated" in the face of reality after he/she has taken office.
中美猴年多交鋒 鬥而不破考智慧
就在國家主席習近平上任後首度與美國總統奧巴馬會晤的加州安納伯格莊園,本月中旬將會召開首次美國與東盟峰會。美國國務卿克里上周對東盟輪值主席國老撾和東盟中最鐵桿的中國盟友柬埔寨的訪問,主題只有一個﹕即圍繞南海問題,結成對華的統一戰線。
新年伊始,中美關係除了在南海問題矛盾愈趨尖銳之外,也面臨台灣問題的新挑戰。
在台灣大選後,美國副國務卿布林肯迅即訪京,會晤國台辦主任張志軍。在克里訪華時,外長王毅再次敦促美方恪守堅持一個中國政策、遵守反對「台獨」的承諾。而克里僅回應,美方堅持一中政策沒有變化,不支持「台灣獨立」,支持台海兩岸繼續保持對話。
在東北亞,中美兩國雖然同意聯合國對第四度核試的朝鮮採取新的制裁,但對於制裁的力度以及解決朝核問題的手段有較大分歧。簡而言之,中美雖都希望朝鮮半島無核化,但中方還要力保朝鮮半島和平穩定,並認為實現無核化只能談判協商。可見,與美方要推翻平壤政權的目標大相徑庭。
不過,中美關係今年雖然面臨嚴峻挑戰,但雙方也都無意撕破面皮。首先,當前全球面臨的最大難題是經濟衰退,對於世界第一、第二大經濟體,中美兩國目前的現狀是你中有我,一損俱損,兩國雖然齟齬不斷,但雙方誰也承擔不起經濟上攤牌的後果,像TPP和亞投行這樣的零和遊戲,只能是做做樣子的政治姿態而已。
其次,在實務方面,雙方也互有需求,除了朝核問題外,美國於3月底4月初在華府舉辦的第四屆全球核安全峰會,亟需中方合作,習近平很大機會親自再度赴美與會,算是給奧巴馬一個大人情,也創下中國領導人在7個月內兩度訪美以及在美國大選年訪美兩項紀錄,為中國的大國外交添彩;而在台灣問題上,中方也希望得到美方配合,至少在與民進黨的博弈中,希望美國不要介入太深。
新的一年中美關係充滿挑戰,特別是美國總統大選在即,雖然兩黨的領先候選人,無論是特朗普還是希拉里,在競選活動中都對中國不假辭色,但北京似乎並不特別擔心。因為無數歷史事實證明,在現實面前,再多敵意的美國總統上任後都是「可以教育好的」。
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