<轉載自2024年2月26日 明報 社評>
廣東公布2023年常住人口比上年微升40萬人,達到1.27億人,連續17年居全國之首。人口多、產值增、市場大一直以來是經濟發展路徑的不二之門,但廣東省製造業也在向高科技轉型,對勞工的需求無論從數量和學歷方面都有所變化,政府在搶人才策略與措施上都早有部署,若能協調得當,吸引更多高科技人才「孔雀東南飛」,所帶來的不止於市場擴大,對生育率以及人口結構優化也有裨益。香港人口是否需要以增加到1000萬為目標,尚可討論,但搶人才只靠給予戶籍身分一招,則肯定不能可持續發展。
廣東積極推進高科技 提出要視人才為珍寶
春節結束後廣東省上下首要工作仍然是招工,各個市政府配合企業派員到經濟欠發達省份,用專車加獎勵,直接將應聘工人帶回廣東,已成常態化工作。今年很多工廠訂單增加,招募工人數量達標也有一定壓力,因為願意外出打工的人數相對減少。不少企業對新聘工人以及介紹人仍有獎勵,但獎勵金額並未顯著提高,畢竟生產成本壓力不小。
服務行業、酒店餐飲、物流運輸等行業對勞工仍然需求甚殷,製造業則以普通工人和技工為主。這些因應市場變化而調整的行業與工種,以工資浮動來調節,基本上是依靠「市場第三隻手」。但對於高科技人才,則需要政府多種政策才能引導。
廣東省一把手黃坤明書記上周在高質量發展大會上,向全省發出動員令:推動產業和科技互促雙強,全面提升科技高水平自立自強能力。他強調推進產業科技創新,人才是決定性因素,而且要引進人才和自主培養兩手抓。
廣東在吸納高科技人才方面沒有優勢,雖然去年大學本科生畢業人數有63萬,研究生有4.5萬,但廣東未必有足夠的吸引力讓他們都留下。在加強自主培養方面,已經吸引到3間香港的大學在廣東設立分校,其中香港科技大學和中文大學分別在南沙和深圳的校園,政府免費撥地及興建校園設施,兩間大學可以「拎包入駐」。引進來並非搶人才的唯一招數,深圳大學校長日前表示,正在謀劃到香港設立校區,走出去更加主動積極。
大學有培養人才和科研兩個功能,而且互為因果,要有更多的科研經費,以及更高水平的科研項目,吸引到高科技人才,才能達到促進產業升級的目的。廣東一直積極申請更多國家級項目和實驗室落戶廣東,研發人數在過去10年間,從65萬增加到135萬,約佔全國七分之一。去年常駐廣東工作的兩院院士增加13人,可說是大豐收。
廣東省在吸引高科技人才方面還有得天獨厚的因素,博士後流動站或者國家級實驗室並非都在大學,銳意進軍高科技的大型企業,無論是國企還是私營企業,都可以申請設立科研單位,並且獲得省政府的補助和配對資金。
深圳400呎人才房930元租住 生育率高老齡化率低結構優化
深圳等城市對南來高科技人才有科研經費補助,也有措施協助安居樂業。近年還積極吸引港人北上,前海有政策讓香港科技人才申請「人才房」,一個在地鐵上蓋10年樓齡400平方呎一房單位,月租加管理費,930元人民幣就可以入住。這種條件,以香港的物價水平看,簡直是「匪夷所思」。
高科技人才落戶廣東對經濟發展的貢獻尤為顯著,廣東是全國人口大省,去年社會消費品零售總額達到4.75萬億元,但人口比廣東少三分之一的江蘇省,去年社會消費品零售總額比廣東只少2000億元,從人口與消費水平比例看,並非人口愈多,消費市場就愈大,高科技人才帶動消費能力比其他群體的貢獻大得多。
高科技群體還會帶動生育率提高,深圳的生育率是全國城市之冠,很大程度是因為深圳勞動人口的年齡偏低,經濟收入可觀,成為提高生育率的條件。廣東省整體的生育率,只低於西藏、青海等人口基數小且經濟欠發達的5個省份,遠高於北京、上海和江浙等沿海發達省市。
人口結構對財政負擔也十分重要,全國已經進入老齡化社會,60歲以上人口佔比高達20%,而廣東省只有13.45%,高科技人才不斷補充,對於優化人口結構貢獻良多,但廣東省優質的基礎教育條件不足,成為吸引人才的短板,深圳市近年大幅新增中小學學額,但力度仍嫌不夠。
香港的高才通等計劃,吸引超過6萬人申請,迅即攜家眷來港的也有3萬多人,其中四分之一的月薪超過10萬港元。香港的戶籍身分固然有吸引力,優質教育資源也是良好條件,但高科技人才注重的,科研資金與研發項目的科技水平,才是可持續發展的重要因素。特區政府在招商引資方面注重向國際及內地高科技公司招手,方向是走對了,但力度還有待加強。
香港經濟學專家王于漸教授提出,香港應該以在未來25年將人口增加到1000萬為發展目標,這個主張還有待社會討論,但引進更多高科技人才則是毫無爭議,現在就看特區政府如何在這方面的招數上「加辣」。
Guangdong's Redoubled Efforts to Compete for Talent
GUANGDONG'S PERMANENT POPULATION reached 127 million in 2023, slightly rising by 400,000 from the previous year, according to the government's announcement. The province's population has now topped the nation for 17 years in a row.
Since the end of the Spring Festival, the recruitment of workers has remained the top priority in Guangdong Province. It has become a normalised practice for different municipal governments to cooperate with enterprises to entice workers from economically underdeveloped provinces with incentives and use special cars to bring them directly into Guangdong.
This year, many factories have seen an increase in orders. As the number of people willing to work outside their home province has fallen, these factories are under a certain degree of pressure to meet their recruitment targets. Many corporations still provide incentives for newly hired workers and those who refer people to them, but the size of incentives has not risen significantly. After all, the pressure on production costs has not been small.
In industries such as services, hotel catering, logistics and transportation, there is still a strong demand for labour. As for the manufacturing industry, its main demand is for ordinary workers and skilled workers. These industries and job categories are adjusted by market changes in the way of wage fluctuations, so basically it is the invisible hand of the market at work. However, when it comes to high-tech talent, the government's guidance through a variety of policies is necessary.
Last week at the High-Quality Development Conference, Secretary Huang Kunming, who is at the helm of Guangdong Province, issued a mobilisation order to the entire province, namely the promotion of the mutual reinforcement of industry and technology, and the comprehensive enhancement of high-level self-reliance and self-improvement capabilities in science and technology. He emphasised that talent is the decisive factor in promoting industrial scientific and technological innovation, which he said needed a two-pronged approach of the introduction of talent and the training of home-grown talent.
When it comes to attracting high-tech talent, Guangdong does not enjoy any advantages. Last year, the province produced 630,000 undergraduates and 45,000 graduate students, but Guangdong might not be attractive enough for them to stay.
In terms of strengthening the training of home-grown talent, the province has successfully attracted three Hong Kong universities to set up branch campuses there. Among them, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and the Chinese University of Hong Kong have set up campuses in Nansha and Shenzhen respectively. The government has allocated land and built campus facilities free of charge, meaning that the two universities have been able to "move in with their luggage only". Introducing talent is not the only way to compete for them. The president of Shenzhen University has recently said that he is planning to set up a campus in Hong Kong and be more proactive in venturing out of the province.
Hong Kong's Top Talent Pass Scheme and other programmes have attracted more than 60,000 applications. Over 30,000 of them immediately came to Hong Kong with their families, a quarter of whom have a monthly salary of over HK$100,000. While Hong Kong's household registration status is certainly attractive and its high-quality educational resources are also a pull factor, what skilled people in high technology focus on is scientific research funds and the technological level of R&D projects, which are the truly important factors for sustainable development.
Professor Richard Y. C. Wong, a Hong Kong economist, has suggested that Hong Kong should aim to increase its population to ten million over the next 25 years. This idea has yet to be discussed in society, but the introduction of more high-tech talent is nothing controversial. It remains to be seen how the SAR government will intensify its efforts in this regard.
人口微增搶人才措施更烈 廣東發展高科技人才先行
廣東公布2023年常住人口比上年微升40萬人,達到1.27億人,連續17年居全國之首。
春節結束後廣東省上下首要工作仍然是招工,各個市政府配合企業派員到經濟欠發達省份,用專車加獎勵,直接將應聘工人帶回廣東,已成常態化工作。
今年很多工廠訂單增加,招募工人數量達標也有一定壓力,因為願意外出打工的人數相對減少。不少企業對新聘工人以及介紹人仍有獎勵,但獎勵金額並未顯著提高,畢竟生產成本壓力不小。
服務行業、酒店餐飲、物流運輸等行業對勞工仍然需求甚殷,製造業則以普通工人和技工為主。這些因應市場變化而調整的行業與工種,以工資浮動來調節,基本上是依靠「市場第三隻手」。但對於高科技人才,則需要政府多種政策才能引導。
廣東省一把手黃坤明書記上周在高質量發展大會上,向全省發出動員令:推動產業和科技互促雙強,全面提升科技高水平自立自強能力。他強調推進產業科技創新,人才是決定性因素,而且要引進人才和自主培養兩手抓。
廣東在吸納高科技人才方面沒有優勢,雖然去年大學本科生畢業人數有63萬,研究生有4.5萬,但廣東未必有足夠的吸引力讓他們都留下。
在加強自主培養方面,已經吸引到3間香港的大學在廣東設立分校,其中香港科技大學和中文大學分別在南沙和深圳的校園,政府免費撥地及興建校園設施,兩間大學可以「拎包入駐」。引進來並非搶人才的唯一招數,深圳大學校長日前表示,正在謀劃到香港設立校區,走出去更加主動積極。
香港的高才通等計劃,吸引超過6萬人申請,迅即攜家眷來港的也有3萬多人,其中四分之一的月薪超過10萬港元。香港的戶籍身分固然有吸引力,優質教育資源也是良好條件,但高科技人才注重的,科研資金與研發項目的科技水平,才是可持續發展的重要因素。
香港經濟學專家王于漸教授提出,香港應該以在未來25年將人口增加到1000萬為發展目標,這個主張還有待社會討論,但引進更多高科技人才則是毫無爭議,現在就看特區政府如何在這方面的招數上「加辣」。
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