2023年9月11日 星期一

專責機構促進民營經濟 成效還看具體執行做法

<轉載自2023911 明報 社評>

今年國家整體經濟疲軟,民企首當其衝,中央7月出台《促進民營經濟31條》,9月份正式批准成立民營經濟發展局,顯示中央的態度十分明確,要刺激經濟,必先激活民營經濟,要恢復投資者信心,必先重振民營企業信心。新成立的政府機關,專責處理民營經濟,被質疑為民營企業設置一個「婆婆」(規管單位),但有「婆婆」總比自生自滅好,關鍵是這個政府機關如何落實執行中央促進民營經濟的政策與措施,而長遠而言,強化工商聯會的功能,才能真正做到為民營經濟「晴天送傘」,而不是等到出問題才「雪中送炭」。

民營經濟舉足輕重 激活民企不得其法

今年預期經濟增長目標為5%,上半年增速也達到5.5%,惟近月經濟表現疲軟,後勁乏力,令人擔心下半年會出現滑落,壓力加大。雖然國企盈利仍然有增長,但民間投資出現連續負增長,這是多年未曾有過的情况。民營經濟對未來發展缺乏信心,有外圍因素影響,也有國內經濟轉型,高科技產業門檻較高的原因,但歸根結柢是總體經營環境對民營經濟的不利因素,是長期存在的結構性問題未能根治。 

民營經濟對整體經濟舉足輕重,「56789」的一組數字足以說明,民營經濟貢獻了50%以上的稅收、60%以上的國內生產總值、70%以上的技術創新成果、80%以上的城鎮勞動就業崗位、90%以上的企業數量。而民營經濟遇到的困難,要列舉的數字可能更多,有評論認為,其實國家對民營經濟的政策已經足夠,法律保障也算完善,關鍵是政策執行不到位,是否如此,可能還有不同意見,事實是每當遇到經濟困難,國家都會推出一系列政策,諸如減稅費、簡化行政規章要求、暫緩繳交社會保障基金等,「雪中送炭」能做到的,政府也會不遺餘力去做。

然而,民營經濟遇到的結構性問題,是國企、央企壟斷資源和市場,民企可以分一杯羹的機會不多,中央不斷提出要公平對待國有企業和民營企業,但實際上做到的不多,在生產鏈條末端國企無法完成或者利潤不高的部分,民企憑藉靈活經營可以承接,卻會遇到准入標準、融資困難、稅費高企、人才難求等難題。這些都是整體經營環境的常態化問題,需要改善的是在常態情况下的「晴天送傘」。

中央7月出台的《民營經濟31條》,既有雪中送炭解決眼前問題的措施,也有針對結構性問題的政策,對於上述的難題,都一一點到,並且尚算具體,例如針對公安機關令人詬病的超權限、超範圍、超數額、超時限查封扣押凍結財產,訂定規範的具體措施。是否能夠起到立竿見影之效有待觀察,按道理應該得到民企的掌聲,但反應未如理想。

政策雖好,但貴在執行。中央針對不同問題的政策往往到了地方就會走樣變形。總書記習近平在2016年就提出對民企要「親清」,即政府要依法盡責為企業發展服務,官員在跟企業家打交道時要清白純潔,政商關係要既親又清。這個要求,在《民營經濟31條》又再提及。然而,這種從最高原則出發的要求,執行情况必然會在不同層級的官員中「遞減」,成效成疑。

專責機構有利政策持續穩定 可惜工商聯未發揮商會功能

這次中央除了出台政策,還設置專門機構執行,在國家發改委下,成立民營經濟發展局。有關負責人表示,這個機關的功能是統籌協調、綜合施策、促進發展。成立這個級別不低的機關,有其必要,因為內地的經濟,市場推動的作用往往不如政策的影響力,而政策是政府制定和執行的,過去對於促進民營經濟,只顧推出政策,沒有具體的執行機構,顯然是事倍功半。至於這個機構的首要功能定在統籌協調,原因是過去制定政策前沒有徵詢企業家的意見,執行政策的成效沒有追蹤企業家的反應,現在這個機構要統籌協調的,就是在制定和落實政策都要「協調」。

理論上說,有了專門機構以及具體的要求,官員就會以實際行動證明其存在及繼續存在的必要,促進民營經濟政策就有可能做到持續穩定,這就是有「婆婆」總比沒有的好,因為民企要表達意見,也不至於投訴無門。然而,這個專門機構,要收到成效,還要依賴其主動積極執行,因為做好做差沒有標準,也沒有平行的監督機構。

中華全國工商聯合會(簡稱工商聯),會員都是民營企業家,該會號稱是民間商會,積極參政議政,建言獻策。事實上,該會成員在各級人大和政協會議均有代表參與,但他們對於國家的民營經濟政策,卻鮮有建言獻策,民間商會給人的印象只是舉辦聯誼活動,沒有起到商會保障企業家利益的功能。其實,促進民營經濟的「最佳拍檔」就是工商聯,民營經濟發展局要徵詢意見的對象,也是工商聯成員,問題是這個民間商會沒有起到應有的作用。

民營經濟是整體經濟的關鍵,國家向來都十分重視,但如何促進則不得其法,現在成立專責機構,是破天荒的做法,是否能夠有效執行政策以及做到促進民營經濟的目標,尚要觀察這個機構的具體做法。

Dedicated Agency to Boost Private Economy

CHINA'S OVERALL ECONOMY this year has been weak, and private enterprises have been bearing the brunt. In July, the central government issued "31 measures on Promoting the Development and Growth of the Private Economy". It formally approved the creation of the Private Economy Development Bureau in September. This manifests the central government's attitude, which is that to stimulate the economy, the private economy must be revived first, and that to restore investor confidence, the confidence of private enterprises must be restored first.

The expected economic growth target for this year is 5%, and the growth rate in the first half of the year reached 5.5%. However, the economic performance in recent months has been weak, and momentum has been lacking. This has led to worry about a higher likelihood of an economic downturn in the second half of the year. Although the profits of state-owned enterprises are still growing, there has been a continued negative growth in private investment, which has not been seen in many years.

The private economy's lack of confidence in future development is partly due to external factors and partly due to domestic economic transformation, as high-tech industries have higher thresholds. But in the final analysis, the unfavourable factors posed by the overall business environment to the private economy are a long-standing structural problem that cannot be cured.

The private economy plays an important role in the overall economy, which can be illustrated using the numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9: the private economy accounts for over 50% of tax revenue; over 60% of the GDP; over 70% of technological innovation achievements; over 80% of urban jobs and over 90% of the number of enterprises. As for the difficulties encountered by the private economy, there might be even more numbers to list.

Some commentators argue that the state's policies on the private economy are in fact sufficient, and the legal protection can be said to be sound. The crux of the matter is that the policy has not been implemented properly. While whether this is the case is a matter of opinion, it is a fact that whenever there are economic difficulties, the national government will always introduce a series of policies and spare no effort to do what can be done to tide private companies over.

However, the structural problem encountered by the private economy is that state-owned enterprises and central enterprises monopolise resources and markets, and there are not many opportunities for private enterprises to get a share of the pie. The central government has kept arguing that state-owned enterprises and private enterprises should be treated fairly. But in fact, not much can be done. Businesses at the lower end of the production chain, which cannot be completed by state-owned enterprises or which are not profitable, can be handled by private enterprises with their flexible business. However, they will encounter difficulties such as access standards, financing difficulties, high taxes and fees, and talent shortage.

In addition to policies introduced this time, the central government has also set up a special agency to implement them. The Private Economy Development Bureau has been established under the National Development and Reform Commission. Its person in charge has said that the functions of the agency are overall planning and coordination, comprehensive policy implementation and the promotion of development.

The private economy is the key to the overall economy. The national government has always attached great importance to it, but it has struggled to promote it in the right way. Now that a dedicated agency has been set up, which is an unprecedented move, whether it can effectively implement the policy and achieve the goal of promoting the private economy will depend on the actual practices of the agency.

專責機構促進民營經濟 成效還看具體執行做法

今年國家整體經濟疲軟,民企首當其衝,中央7月出台《促進民營經濟31條》,9月份正式批准成立民營經濟發展局,顯示中央的態度十分明確,要刺激經濟,必先激活民營經濟,要恢復投資者信心,必先重振民營企業信心。

今年預期經濟增長目標為5%,上半年增速也達到5.5%,惟近月經濟表現疲軟,後勁乏力,令人擔心下半年會出現滑落,壓力加大。雖然國企盈利仍然有增長,但民間投資出現連續負增長,這是多年未曾有過的情况。

民營經濟對未來發展缺乏信心,有外圍因素影響,也有國內經濟轉型,高科技產業門檻較高的原因,但歸根結柢是總體經營環境對民營經濟的不利因素,是長期存在的結構性問題未能根治。

民營經濟對整體經濟舉足輕重,「56789」的一組數字足以說明,民營經濟貢獻了50%以上的稅收、60%以上的國內生產總值、70%以上的技術創新成果、80%以上的城鎮勞動就業崗位、90%以上的企業數量。而民營經濟遇到的困難,要列舉的數字可能更多。

有評論認為,其實國家對民營經濟的政策已經足夠,法律保障也算完善,關鍵是政策執行不到位,是否如此,可能還有不同意見,事實是每當遇到經濟困難,國家都會推出一系列政策,「雪中送炭」能做到的,政府也會不遺餘力去做。

然而,民營經濟遇到的結構性問題,是國企、央企壟斷資源和市場,民企可以分一杯羹的機會不多,中央不斷提出要公平對待國有企業和民營企業,但實際上做到的不多,在生產鏈條末端國企無法完成或者利潤不高的部分,民企憑藉靈活經營可以承接,卻會遇到准入標準、融資困難、稅費高企、人才難求等難題。

這次中央除了出台政策,還設置專門機構執行,在國家發改委下,成立民營經濟發展局。有關負責人表示,這個機關的功能是統籌協調、綜合施策、促進發展。

民營經濟是整體經濟的關鍵,國家向來都十分重視,但如何促進則不得其法,現在成立專責機構,是破天荒的做法,是否能夠有效執行政策以及做到促進民營經濟的目標,尚要觀察這個機構的具體做法。

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