2015年9月4日 星期五

武器裝備建設可觀 仍應看到不足差距

<轉載自201594 明報 社評>
北京舉行紀念中國人民抗日戰爭暨世界反法西斯戰爭勝利70周年閱兵,落下帷幕,釋出了幾個重要信息。首先是閱兵展示中國軍事建設取得一定成就,值得欣慰;其次是國人宜應清楚認識到,中國的武器質量與軍事大國比較,在許多方面仍有差距,中國必須戒慎恐懼地繼續鑽研創新,才可以增強國防能力並為世界和平作出貢獻。另外是國家主席習近平在紀念大會講話,向世人宣示中國堅持走和平發展道路的決心;這在國力陡增,繼經濟大國之後邁向軍事大國之際,習近平的宣示恰到其時,值得重視。
重申不稱霸不擴張 裁軍呼應和平信息
戰後70周年閱兵,習近平在講話中提到日本軍國主義者侵略中國,惟着墨不在鼓動仇恨,而是把當年中國人民承受的苦難和犧牲,放在普世反法西斯戰爭的框架來體待這場浩劫。習近平提出為了和平,要樹立人類共同體意識,呼籲各國走人間正道,共同維護以聯合國憲章宗旨和原則為核心的國際秩序和國際體系,積極構建以合作共贏為核心的新型國際關係,共同推進世界和平與發展的崇高事業。這番表述,婉轉批評近年一些偏離二戰後國際秩序和國際體系的做法,並提倡以積極正面做法應對。
中國雖然一直宣示堅持走和平發展道路,但是國際一些國家仍然借題發揮,還樂此不疲地編撰所謂「中國威脅論」;北京舉行閱兵,無疑會給這些國家提供操作素材。習近平重申中國永不稱霸、永不搞擴張,「永遠不會把自身曾經經歷過的悲慘遭遇加給其他民族」,這些宣示重申中國一直堅持的立場,是中國對世人的承諾,目的為消解其他國家的疑慮。
一個大國興起,無可避免地會抖動原來的國際板塊,引起其他國家不安。在國際博弈中,中國現在就處於使一些國家不安的景况,國際需要時間適應中國冒起帶來的轉變;中國不可能因為其他國家的反應而停止軍事建設。事實上,中國落後就會捱打,80多年前已經招來軍國主義者侵略;即使中共建政之後,由於軍力長期薄弱,個別軍事大國藉一些事件向中國耀武揚威,也有衆多事例可稽。
中國作為第二大經濟體,加強軍事力量以保障國家安全和利益,完全理所當然。只要中國的戰略意圖和強軍目標清晰,讓國際社會知道這個新興大國與傳統大國不一樣,從而成為促使世界和平的其中重要力量即可。中國需要強軍,又要避免加深一些國家的不安,習近平宣布中國裁減軍隊員額30萬,減幅約七分之一,對消減中國威脅論,相信有一定效用。
今次北京閱兵,展示的武器裝備與6年前閱兵比較,質量都有顯著提升,無論是海上力量、空中力量、戰略力量和信息化力量元素都有增強。最可喜者是亮相武器裝備全屬國產,自成體系,擁有這般能力的國家,原本只有美國、俄羅斯,現在加上中國,這是躋身軍事大國的基本條件,中國做到了。不過,從閱兵展示的武器裝備,中國還是未能與美、俄兩個軍事大國比肩,嚴格而言差距仍然較大。
首先,閱兵展示的武器裝備,基本上按已知的戰爭形態配置。近世戰爭都與美國有關,美軍過去在戰場上怎樣作戰,使用什麼武器裝備,明顯就成為中國的參考對象。若戰爭形態定格在過去模式,則中國從後追趕,日子有功之下,可以縮窄差距;檢視美國在越南戰爭、科索沃戰爭、攻打伊拉克與阿富汗都有不同戰法,主要是一些武器或武器的功能不一樣了。其他國家在後面追趕,誰又知道美國掌握了什麼更厲害武器,在下一場戰爭以怎樣的戰法克敵制勝?這是對中國軍力應該保持的懸念。
戰爭模式不會定格 承認差距埋頭苦幹
其次,空中力量是閱兵亮點,展示了各類型戰機約200架,由預警機、戰鬥機、轟炸機、戰鬥直升機到加油機等,一應齊備,顯示過去幾年,中國在空軍建設取得了井噴式成果。不過,與美國戰機相比,戰鬥力差距幾許是待解之謎,即使與俄羅斯比較,也未能等量齊觀。
就以被內地軍事迷形容為「戰神」的轟-6K為例,這款被視為「二炮」以外可依靠的第二支戰略打擊力量,是按上世紀60年代蘇聯已經淘汰的圖-16仿製,當時製成轟-6;蘇聯棄而不用的戰機,中國按圖索驥製成轟炸機,其效能戰力可想而知。經改良的轟-6K,性能戰力肯定有提升,但是根據已知資料,轟-6K在航程、航速、載彈量等與俄羅斯現役的圖-160轟炸機和美國B-52轟炸機相比,差距甚遠,可以說根本就不在同一個檔次。另外,被視為戰鬥機心臟的發動機,中國仍然未能克服一些技術問題,這個短板,更是中國空軍力量無法脫胎換骨的主要原因。
中國軍力原本薄弱,今次閱兵所見的武器裝備,就一些環節確實上了一兩個台階,這些進步值得肯定。不過,自己與自己縱比或許值得欣慰可喜,與軍事大國橫比或許會感到汗顏。中國要躋身軍事大國,還需走很遠的路,國人同胞毋須妄自菲薄,卻也不應該目中無人,相信這是相當長一段時間內,國人同胞仍需面對的現實。

China's military power - still a long way to go
THE MILITARY PARADE staged in Beijing in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War has come to a close. The parade carried several key messages. First, as shown in the parade, China has achieved some success in strengthening its military forces, which is very heartening indeed. Second, we Chinese people should understand that, in many aspects, there is still a gap in quality between China's weapons and those of other major powers. China has to work cautiously on the innovation of its weapons in order to bolster its defences and contribute to world peace. Furthermore, the speech given by Xi Jinping, the Chinese president, during the ceremony has displayed to the world China's determination to pursue peaceful development. Delivered at a time when China's power is on the rise and the country, having become an economic superpower already, is on the path to becoming a military superpower, Xi's speech is very judicious and merits our attention.
Compared with what was displayed at the last military parade six years ago, the weapons shown yesterday (September 3) in Beijing are of much higher quality. China's military capabilities at sea and in the air, as well as its tactics and informatisation power, have improved a lot. Particularly encouraging is the fact that the full array of new weapons was manufactured domestically. Only the United States and Russia were able to manufacture their own weapons in the past. Now that China has acquired such an ability, it has gained itself the basic qualifications for becoming a military superpower. However, as can be seen from the parade, China's military equipment is still not comparable with that of the US and Russia, which are the world's military superpowers. Generally speaking, there is still a wide gap.
First, the military equipment shown yesterday is basically arranged in a widely known configuration. The US was involved in all the wars fought in modern times, and, apparently, the Chinese authorities have studied how the US forces fought on the field of battle and the equipment they used. If the forms of wars never changed, China could be trusted to narrow the gap someday by playing catch-up. However, the Vietnam War, the Kosovo War, and the US's invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan show that the US forces' strategies simply do not stay the same, as their weapons and the functions of their weapons are updated regularly. Try as other countries might to draw level with what the US has attained, they do not know what new, powerful weapons are being developed by the US, or how the US forces will take on their opponents in the next war. This is why we Chinese people should not be carried away by China's military capabilities.
Second, the Chinese air force is the highlight of the parade. A full array of around two hundred warplanes, ranging from airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft, fighter planes, bombers, attack helicopters to aerial refuelling aircraft, was showcased. This shows the building up of China's air force has taken a quantum leap over the past few years. However, the difference between the prowess of Chinese warplanes and that of US ones is still immeasurable. They are not even on a par with Russian warplanes.
In the past, China's military strength was not immense. The military equipment displayed yesterday is, in certain aspects, several notches above anything we saw in the past. The progress we have made is very commendable indeed. But China has a long way to go before it can become a military superpower. There is no need for us to denigrate what we have achieved; there is no reason to belittle other nations either. This is the reality we will have to face for some time to come.
武器裝備建設可觀 仍應看到不足差距
北京舉行紀念中國人民抗日戰爭暨世界反法西斯戰爭勝利70周年閱兵,落下帷幕,釋出了幾個重要信息。首先是閱兵展示中國軍事建設取得一定成就,值得欣慰;其次是國人宜應清楚認識到,中國的武器質量與軍事大國比較,在許多方面仍有差距,中國必須戒慎恐懼地繼續鑽研創新,才可以增強國防能力並為世界和平作出貢獻。另外是國家主席習近平在紀念大會講話,向世人宣示中國堅持走和平發展道路的決心;這在國力陡增,繼經濟大國之後邁向軍事大國之際,習近平的宣示恰到其時,值得重視。
今次北京閱兵,展示的武器裝備與6年前閱兵比較,質量都有顯著提升,無論是海上力量、空中力量、戰略力量和信息化力量元素都有增強。最可喜者是亮相武器裝備全屬國產,自成體系,擁有這般能力的國家,原本只有美國、俄羅斯,現在加上中國,這是躋身軍事大國的基本條件,中國做到了。不過,從閱兵展示的武器裝備,中國還是未能與美、俄兩個軍事大國比肩,嚴格而言差距仍然較大。
首先,閱兵展示的武器裝備,基本上按已知的戰爭形態配置。近世戰爭都與美國有關,美軍過去在戰場上怎樣作戰,使用什麼武器裝備,明顯就成為中國的參考對象。若戰爭形態定格在過去模式,則中國從後追趕,日子有功之下,可以縮窄差距;檢視美國在越南戰爭、科索沃戰爭、攻打伊拉克與阿富汗都有不同戰法,主要是一些武器或武器的功能不一樣了。其他國家在後面追趕,誰又知道美國掌握了什麼更厲害武器,在下一場戰爭以怎樣的戰法克敵制勝?這是對中國軍力應該保持的懸念。
其次,空中力量是閱兵亮點,展示了各類型戰機約200架,由預警機、戰鬥機、轟炸機、戰鬥直升機到加油機等,一應齊備,顯示過去幾年,中國在空軍建設取得了井噴式成果。不過,與美國戰機相比,戰鬥力差距幾許是待解之謎,即使與俄羅斯比較,也未能等量齊觀。
中國軍力原本薄弱,今次閱兵所見的武器裝備,就一些環節確實上了一兩個台階,這些進步值得肯定。中國要躋身軍事大國,還需走很遠的路,國人同胞毋須妄自菲薄,卻也不應該目中無人,相信這是相當長一段時間內,國人同胞仍需面對的現實。

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