<轉載自2025年9月8日 明報 社評>
北京抗戰勝利80周年閱兵,壯觀場面在西方掀起相當大迴響,歐美政界領袖質疑中俄朝伊「結盟」抗衡西方,北京反駁有關言論錯誤兼充滿偏見。過去百多年,西方恃着船堅炮利和龐大生產力主導世界,冷戰後美國一極獨大,軍事優勢尤其突出。北京今次閱兵卻顛覆了西方此一認知,歐美不少評論均認同,中方所展示的軍備非常先進,某些方面甚至超越西方,反映中國軍工生產力很強大,從認知角度而言,今次閱兵確是一個重要分水嶺。新的全球秩序正在成形,西方亦愈益意識到這一點,只是很多政客仍抱着意識形態偏見,以及根深柢固的自我優越感,尚未做好準備接受一個並非只以西方為中心的多極世界。
中國先進軍備趕超 九三閱兵成分水嶺
世界百年變局,美國西方視中國為挑戰者,看待九三閱兵,「中國威脅論」依然是主旋律。美國總統特朗普形容閱兵場面壯觀,惟同時又質疑「中俄朝密謀抗美」。美媒引述防長赫格塞思稱,特朗普已要求整頓美軍威懾中俄。歐盟外交代表卡拉斯則稱,中俄朝等領導人站在一起,「呈現出結盟反西方的姿態」。中方則強調邀請外國嘉賓出席相關活動,不針對第三方,外交部更駁斥歐盟官員有關言論,批評充滿意識形態偏見,十分錯誤及極不負責。
出席閱兵的26國元首及領袖中,俄朝伊朗古巴等的確跟美國西方關係欠佳,但印尼、大馬等國顯然沒有所謂「反西方」意圖。若細察其他來訪外賓,其實還有韓國國會議長、保加利亞副總理、埃及總統特使、巴西總統首席顧問、北非阿爾及利亞退伍軍人部長等,以及包括19個歐洲國家在內的百多位駐華使節,前政要則有瑞士前總統毛雷爾、比利時前首相萊特、前日揆鳩山由紀夫、意大利前總理達萊馬等;另外還有當年美軍飛虎隊老兵或家屬後人等助華抗戰國際友人。將今次閱兵說成是「反西方」場合,本身就大有問題。這邊廂歐洲多國只派駐華使節低調赴會,那邊廂歐盟要員卻不滿其他國家元首高調赴約,於理不合。
19世紀西方殖民主義及帝國主義席捲全球,全靠壓倒性的軍事和經濟優勢,即使20世紀先後遇上日本及蘇聯挑戰,但西方經濟及軍事霸權始終未被撼動。踏入21世紀,中國在復興之路上疾奔,北京強調走和平發展道路,但西方習慣了「國強必霸」邏輯,對中國高速發展感到不安,可是長期以來的自我優越感,又令到不少人質疑中國是否真的有本事趕超,各種「中國崩潰論」和「中國見頂論」,背後都隱約可見兩種情緒交纏,只是現實發展卻不似他們期望。
10多年前,不少人仍視中國為專做廉價貨和「山寨貨」的世界工廠,但現在中國已全面進軍先進製造業;以往不少人認為中國軍事水平遠遠落後於美國西方,先進軍備都是「抄襲」甚或所謂「剽竊」得來,但今次九三閱兵,顯然衝擊了西方陣營的認知,由主流媒體到軍事專家、退休將領都對中國軍事實力刮目相看。閱兵展示的一系列洲際導彈及長程導彈,顯示中國具備海空陸全方位核打擊能力,足以覆蓋世界任何角落;新一代中型坦克ZTZ-100及15式輕戰車,強調機動性,特別適合兩棲登陸作戰。激光防衛系統、高超音速反艦導彈,以及「無人僚機」配合有人駕駛戰機作戰等,同樣備受注目。台灣軍事科技專家舒孝煌便稱,以往中國軍事發展,部分或受惠於來自西方的商用及軍用技術,但經過多年吸收消化,中國已擁有自力發展的能力。
美國有線新聞網絡(CNN)形容北京倡導的世界新秩序,有強大實力作後盾,部分高科技軍備甚至領先對手;美國卡內基國際和平基金會的Ankit Panda指出,閱兵可見大量自動化武器、網絡化作戰系統及21世紀現代化軍事裝備,展現中方所說的智能化作戰概念。澳洲軍事戰略分析師Malcolm Davis則指,閱兵展示的無人作戰系統相當先進,某些方面甚至領先西方服役中的軍備,在激光防衛系統方面也可能有優勢,更重要是今次閱兵顯示中方具備強大軍工體系,80多年前美國憑強大軍工生產能力戰勝軸心國,但現在美國的軍工生產力恐怕不如中國。
當然,戰場爭勝,除了看軍備硬件戰力,更要看作戰指揮系統。近40年來,中國從未與其他國家爆發過較大規模戰爭,不似美國般多次以不同名目入侵他國,很難單憑中方檢閱的武器來判斷中美軍力差距,惟正如澳洲退休陸軍少將Mick Ryan所言,就算美軍仍是全球最強軍隊,但領先幅度已顯著收窄。在台灣,退役陸軍少將栗正傑指出,九三閱兵的武器,展示了解放軍「反介入與區域拒止」實力,有能力阻止美軍援台,「親美和中」才是上策,只是一些綠營論者仍在高談中國軍備疑屬「山寨貨」,堅持裝睡的人,當然永遠喚不醒。
多極秩序須棄霸權邏輯 中方倡議強調尊重共贏
世界百年變局加速演進,歐盟外交代表卡拉斯談論九三閱兵,亦承認新的全球秩序正在成形。在歐盟中被視為「異端」的斯洛伐克總理菲佐,則對歐盟成員國領袖只有他一人出席九三閱兵表示遺憾,批評歐盟許多人就像井底之蛙,看不到外面的世界。多極世界秩序的構建,必須擺脫西方傳統的霸權爭逐邏輯,以免重蹈上世紀兩次大戰覆轍。中國提出人類命運共同體以及多項全球倡議,包括新近的全球治理倡議,都是為構建多極世界秩序提供方向,主張以平等尊重作為交往原則,尋求共贏代替零和博弈。多極世界秩序不等於由中國取代西方成為世界中心,但西方需要接受自己並非世界唯一中心,然而以意識形態作為外表包裝的傲慢與偏見,令到很多西方政客完全沒有這方面的準備,瑞士前總統毛雷爾出席九三閱兵,便遭到口誅筆伐,瑞士政府也高調劃清界線。這樣的氛圍,對於推進國際對話及多極秩序的構建,並無好處。
Western Perception of Chinese Military Overturned
THE STUNNING SCENES of the military parade marking the 80th anniversary of China's Victory Day have created a huge buzz in the West. European and US political leaders questioned whether China, Russia, North Korea and Iran were "forming an alliance" against the West, which Beijing repudiated as an erroneous and totally biased comment.
Taking advantage of their powerful arms and productivity, the West has dominated the world for over a century. After the Cold War, the US emerged as the sole superpower, with its military strength particularly outstanding. However, the latest parade in Beijing has overturned such Western perceptions. Many European and US commentators agreed that the weaponry displayed by China was highly advanced and even surpassed the West in some areas. The parade was indeed a significant watershed in the West's understanding of China.
The "China threat" was still the main theme in the West's perception of the parade on 3 September. US President Donald Trump described it as "beautiful" and "impressive", but at the same time accused China of conspiring with Russia and North Korea against the US. Kaja Kallas, the EU foreign affairs representative, also remarked that the appearance of the leaders of China, Russia and North Korea standing together conveyed an alliance of "anti-Western optics".
However, among the 26 countries whose heads of state and leaders attended the parade, the likes of Indonesia and Malaysia clearly do not harbour any so-called "anti-Western" intentions. Other foreign guests included the South Korean National Assembly Speaker, the Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister, and over one hundred diplomats to China, covering those from 19 European countries. As for former political dignitaries, there were former President of Switzerland Ueli Maurer, former Belgian Prime Minister Yves Leterme, and so on. International friends who had fought with China in the war, like veterans of the American Volunteer Group (the Flying Tigers) or their families and descendants, were present as well. It is very wrong to dismiss the parade as an "anti-Western" occasion.
Many believed that China's military standards fell far behind the US and the West, and that all its advanced armaments were "copied" or even "stolen" from others. However, the Victory Day parade has obviously challenged the understanding of the Western camp. From mainstream media, military experts to retired generals, China's military strength has knocked off the socks of many. Shu Hsiao-huang, a military technology expert in Taiwan, said that even though the military development of China might have partly benefited from Western commercial and military technologies, after all these years of integration, China has already achieved the capability of independent development.
The US's CNN remarked that Beijing has attained the formidable strength to back up the new world order it advocates, with some of its advanced weapons even surpassing its rivals. Kaja Kallas also admitted that a new world order is taking shape. Prime Minister of Slovakia, Robert Fico, who is regarded as a "heretic" in the EU, expressed regret that he was the only leader from EU countries to attend the Beijing parade. He criticised that many people in the EU are like frogs in a well who are narrow-minded and unable to see the world beyond themselves.
To construct a multipolar world order, the traditional Western logic of hegemonic rivalry must be done away with, so that the devastating cycles of the two World Wars in the last century will not repeat themselves. A multipolar world order does not mean replacing the West with China as the centre of the world, but the West must accept that the world does not revolve around them alone.
北京閱兵顛覆西方認知 多極秩序需要平等尊重
北京抗戰勝利80周年閱兵,壯觀場面在西方掀起相當大迴響,歐美政界領袖質疑中俄朝伊「結盟」抗衡西方,北京反駁有關言論錯誤兼充滿偏見。
過去百多年,西方恃着船堅炮利和龐大生產力主導世界,冷戰後美國一極獨大,軍事優勢尤其突出。北京今次閱兵卻顛覆了西方此一認知,歐美不少評論均認同,中方所展示的軍備非常先進,某些方面甚至超越西方,從認知角度而言,今次閱兵確是一個重要分水嶺。
西方看待九三閱兵,「中國威脅論」依然是主旋律。美國總統特朗普形容閱兵場面壯觀,惟同時又質疑「中俄朝密謀抗美」。歐盟外交代表卡拉斯則稱,中俄朝等領導人站在一起,「呈現出結盟反西方的姿態」。
但出席閱兵的26國元首及領袖中,印尼、大馬等國顯然沒有所謂「反西方」意圖。其他外賓其實還有韓國國會議長、保加利亞副總理等,以及包括19個歐洲國家在內的百多位駐華使節,前政要則有瑞士前總統毛雷爾、比利時前首相萊特等,還有當年美軍飛虎隊老兵或家屬後人等助華抗戰國際友人。將今次閱兵說成是「反西方」場合,本身就大有問題。
以往不少人認為中國軍事水平遠遠落後於美國西方,先進軍備都是「抄襲」甚或所謂「剽竊」得來,但今次九三閱兵,顯然衝擊了西方陣營的認知,由主流媒體到軍事專家、退休將領都對中國軍事實力刮目相看。台灣軍事科技專家舒孝煌便稱,以往中國軍事發展,部分或受惠於來自西方的商用及軍用技術,但經過多年吸收消化,中國已擁有自力發展的能力。
美國有線新聞網絡(CNN)形容北京倡導的世界新秩序,有強大實力作後盾,部分高科技軍備甚至領先對手。歐盟外交代表卡拉斯亦承認新的全球秩序正在成形。在歐盟中被視為「異端」的斯洛伐克總理菲佐,則對歐盟成員國領袖只有他一人出席九三閱兵表示遺憾,批評歐盟許多人就像井底之蛙,看不到外面的世界。
多極世界秩序的構建,必須擺脫西方傳統的霸權爭逐邏輯,以免重蹈上世紀兩次大戰覆轍。多極世界秩序不等於由中國取代西方成為世界中心,但西方需要接受自己並非世界唯一中心。
沒有留言:
張貼留言