<轉載自2023年10月19日 明報 社評>
「一帶一路」倡議10周年,北京舉行國際合作高峰會論壇,國家主席習近平提出「8項行動」,支持高質量共建一帶一路。一帶一路倡議其實就是中國特色的全球化,互聯互通、共同發展是其核心,己欲達而達人,世界各國「共同實現現代化」,正是習近平演講所勾勒的願景。帶路倡議經過10年發展,無論在理論還是實踐上都漸趨成熟,「大寫意」定主調告一段落,未來將進入「工筆畫」細緻化階段,一帶一路國際合作將從「硬聯通」擴展到「軟聯通」,香港在這方面有很多發揮空間,必須把握機會,積極參與其中。
一帶一路追求高質發展 路遙知馬力毋懼潑髒水
2013年,一帶一路倡議首度提出,10年間得到不少國家支持和響應,由亞歐大陸延伸到非洲和拉美,超過150個國家及30多個國際組織,先後簽署共建一帶一路合作文件,聯合國秘書長古特雷斯昨天出席高峰論壇,形容共建一帶一路「為世界數十億民眾帶來希望和進步」。一帶一路合作全球遍地開花,未必每一項成果都清晰可見,又或有媒體大舉報道,但不代表沒有可觀進展,若有人現在仍懷疑帶路倡議是「假大空」的口號,未免脫離現實;與此同時,帶路倡議實踐10年,繼往開來,也有很多經驗需要總結。
舉例說, 部分參與帶路合作的發展中國家,內部未必非常穩定,政權更替、經濟危機、社會動盪可能影響合作,風險管理須做好;另外,運輸和能源基建匱乏,往往是窒礙這些國家發展的因素,正如古特雷斯昨天所言,沒有基礎設施就沒有發展,帶路基建合作,絕對可以幫上忙,但修築水壩鐵路等大型項目,處理若有差池,也容易引發糾紛。西方政客及輿論常向帶路倡議潑冷水,「債務陷阱」一類說法鋪天蓋地,也為帶路倡議增添障礙。昨天高峰論壇,印尼總統佐科說了一句帶路發展項目「不得使(國家)財政狀况複雜化」,便被一些外媒拿來做文章。
美國學者布勞蒂加姆(Deborah Brautigam)早於帶路倡議提出之前,已在研究中國對外經貿。就着所謂「債務陷阱」之說,她和另一美國學者合作撰文,大字標題「中國的債務陷阱是虛構的」。兩人以斯里蘭卡的漢班托塔港(Hambantota)作為案例,指出那原本是西方企業認定大有前景的港口項目,欲由興建到營運一手包辦,只因金融海嘯等原因,未能成事,結果中國「冷手執個熱煎堆」,換言之,這可不是中方刻意誘騙斯國墮入的陷阱。後來斯國因為經濟策略過於冒進,陷入債務危機,但根源不在中國,日本和世銀都是比中國更大的債主;漢班托塔港的債務,也不是導致斯國債務違約的原因,斯國2017年將港口以99年租期租給中資企業,是為了獲得注資,還錢給其他債主,而這種租管營運模式,其實正是西方企業當年磋商建設漢班托塔港時所要求的。
路遙知馬力,只要帶路倡議確實做到互利共贏,相信很多新興國家未來都會積極參與。中資興建的雅加達-萬隆高鐵,是另一個不時被外媒潑髒水的帶路項目,但這並沒有影響中印深化合作。印尼政府為發展海洋經濟,提出「全球海洋支點」宏圖,如何與帶路倡議對接,發揮協同效應,乃是中印兩國近年致力方向,其中一個重點項目,即「兩國雙園」(兩園分別是福州元洪投資區和印尼民丹工業園),現正全速推動,旨在促進兩國海上互聯互通,推動投資貿易。另外,隨着中國老撾鐵路開通,泰越似乎也有意加強對中國的鐵路合作。談了數十年的泛東南亞鐵路,說不定未來10年有機會取得突破。
當然,實現互聯互通,基建硬件不過其中一環。習近平以國畫為喻,形容一帶一路合作,要從「大寫意」進入「工筆畫」的精細化階段、要從硬聯通擴展到軟聯通。中國支持高質量共建一帶一路的8項行動中,若說構建立體互聯互通網絡,依然是以基建為主,建設開放型世界經濟、創建「絲路電商」合作區,重點則在深化經貿合作,特別是電子商貿和數碼經濟上的聯通;標誌性大型工程和「小而美」民生項目兼重,則突出帶路合作要以人為本,重視民生,並非只追逐宏觀經濟增長。西方潑帶路髒水,不夠透明、破壞環境等屬常見指控。8項行動提出促進綠色發展、建設廉潔之路、推動科技創新等,一方面回應了這些指控,另一方面也反映帶路倡議進入新階段,追求高質量發展、重視良好治理。凡此種種都顯示,帶路倡議的理論與實踐愈見成熟。
共建一帶一路 香港急起直追
過去10年,香港在一帶一路的角色並不明顯。隨着近年國際形勢劇變,西方在開全球化倒車,香港急須開拓新空間,推動經濟發展和產業轉型。一帶一路要從硬聯通擴展到軟聯通,香港可以發揮在不同專業領域和促進國際交流上的優勢,機會就在眼前,必須好好把握。創科合作、綠色金融、法律仲裁等,香港固然可以發揮作用;促進人文交流,發揮香港軟實力,同樣要致力推動。習近平談論一帶一路人文交流成果,提及了「光明行」,追源溯本,那其實是本港團體最先發起的一個慈善醫療項目,以火車作為流動眼科醫院,走遍大江南北,隨着國家推動一帶一路,流動列車醫療隊也走到國際,到緬甸越南等國家,為千計民眾實施復明手術。這是一個相當成功的經驗,同時亦說明,香港要在共建一帶一路發揮作用,其實有很多方法。
A New Chapter for the Belt and Road Initiative
THE BELT AND ROAD FORUM for International Cooperation was convened in Beijing to mark the 10th anniversary of the initiative. Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed an eight-point action plan to support the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
The BRI was first proposed in 2013. Over the past ten years, many countries have supported it or echoed the call. The initiative extends from the Eurasian continent to Africa and Latin America. Over 150 countries and more than 30 international organisations have signed cooperation documents to jointly build the Belt and Road. Cooperation on the BRI is happening all over the world. Not every result might be obvious or get widely reported by the media, but it does not mean that there has not been respectable progress. Those who still query whether the BRI is just a bombastic slogan at present are perhaps divorced from reality. At the same time, ten years into the BRI, there are a lot of experiences that need to be summed up so as to build on the past and create the future.
For example, some developing countries participating in BRI cooperation may not be very stable internally. As regime changes, economic crises and social unrest may affect cooperation, adequate risk management is necessary. In addition, the lack of transportation and energy infrastructure is often a factor that hinders the development of these countries. Western politicians and analysts often pour cold water on the BRI, and allegations of "debt traps" are widespread. This also presents obstacles to the BRI.
Smearing the BRI, the West has often accused it of not being transparent enough and bringing damage to the environment. The eight-point action plan proposes promoting green development, building a road free of corruption and advancing scientific and technological innovation. On the one hand, this plan is a response to these accusations. On the other hand, it also reflects that the BRI has entered a new stage in which goals such as high-quality development and emphasis on good governance are pursued. All this shows that the theory and practice of the BRI are becoming increasingly well-developed.
Over the past decade, Hong Kong has not played an obvious role in the BRI. As the international situation has changed dramatically in recent years, and the West is reversing globalisation, Hong Kong urgently needs to explore new space to promote economic development and industrial transformation. The BRI will need to extend from hard connectivity to soft connectivity. Hong Kong can make good use of its advantages in different professional fields and promote international exchanges. The opportunity is right in front of Hong Kong and the city must seize it properly. Hong Kong can certainly play a role in innovation and technology cooperation, green finance, legal arbitration and other areas. It must also strive to promote cultural exchanges and use its soft power well.
When talking about the achievements of cultural exchanges along the Belt and Road, Xi Jinping mentioned a charitable medical project first launched by a Hong Kong group. In the project, trains are used as mobile eye hospitals and travel all over the country. As China promotes the BRI, the mobile train medical team has also gone international, heading into countries such as Myanmar and Vietnam and performing surgeries to restore the sight of thousands of people. This is quite a successful experience, which also shows that there are many ways for Hong Kong to play a role in the joint construction of the BRI.
一帶一路踏上新征途 軟聯通可成香港機遇
「一帶一路」倡議10周年,北京舉行國際合作高峰會論壇,國家主席習近平提出「8項行動」,支持高質量共建一帶一路。
2013年,一帶一路倡議首度提出,10年間得到不少國家支持和響應,由亞歐大陸延伸到非洲和拉美,超過150個國家及30多個國際組織,先後簽署共建一帶一路合作文件。一帶一路合作全球遍地開花,未必每一項成果都清晰可見,又或有媒體大舉報道,但不代表沒有可觀進展,若有人現在仍懷疑帶路倡議是「假大空」的口號,未免脫離現實;與此同時,帶路倡議實踐10年,繼往開來,也有很多經驗需要總結。
舉例說,部分參與帶路合作的發展中國家,內部未必非常穩定,政權更替、經濟危機、社會動盪可能影響合作,風險管理須做好;另外,運輸和能源基建匱乏,往往是窒礙這些國家發展的因素。西方政客及輿論常向帶路倡議潑冷水,「債務陷阱」一類說法鋪天蓋地,也為帶路倡議增添障礙。
西方潑帶路髒水,不夠透明、破壞環境等屬常見指控。8項行動提出促進綠色發展、建設廉潔之路、推動科技創新等,一方面回應了這些指控,另一方面也反映帶路倡議進入新階段,追求高質量發展、重視良好治理。凡此種種都顯示,帶路倡議的理論與實踐愈見成熟。
過去10年,香港在一帶一路的角色並不明顯。隨着近年國際形勢劇變,西方在開全球化倒車,香港急須開拓新空間,推動經濟發展和產業轉型。一帶一路要從硬聯通擴展到軟聯通,香港可以發揮在不同專業領域和促進國際交流上的優勢,機會就在眼前,必須好好把握。創科合作、綠色金融、法律仲裁等,香港固然可以發揮作用;促進人文交流,發揮香港軟實力,同樣要致力推動。
習近平談論一帶一路人文交流成果,提及了本港團體最先發起的一個慈善醫療項目,以火車作為流動眼科醫院,走遍大江南北,隨着國家推動一帶一路,流動列車醫療隊也走到國際,到緬甸越南等國家,為千計民眾實施復明手術。這是一個相當成功的經驗,同時亦說明,香港要在共建一帶一路發揮作用,其實有很多方法。
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