2023年10月1日 星期日

中菲爭島礁又起事 美印太戰略難成鏈

<轉載自2023102 明報 社評>

本來就不平靜的南海近日又起事端,菲律賓上月底在黃岩島附近海域打撈起一些錨鏈,聲稱將中方設置攔截菲方漁船的設施切斷。這是菲方邀請國際媒體現場拍攝的一齣戲,旨在營造輿論,並向國民邀功。菲律賓依仗美國向中國發起挑釁,是高估了一旦出事美國為其出頭的實際行動,同時還低估了中國捍衛領土主權的決心。美國慫恿菲律賓起哄,是圖謀從東北亞經東南亞到印度,形成一條印太戰略的圍堵中國鏈條,但看來難成其事。

黃岩島失而復得中菲地位逆轉 解放軍海空實力增提高防禦力

黃岩島一度被菲律賓佔領,其時驅趕中國漁船,拘捕中國漁民,2012年中國奪回黃岩島控制權,近年中國在黃岩島周邊驅趕菲律賓漁船。中菲爭奪島礁的事例,還在仁愛礁上演,1999年,菲律賓將一艘破舊軍艦駛到仁愛礁主動擱淺,並派船員留守坐灘的破船,且不斷派船提供補給。中國本着人道立場,對來往的補給船睜一眼閉一眼,菲方卻暗渡陳倉,運送將破船固定在礁灘的建設物資,中方才予攔截。

中菲身分逆轉,中國依靠的是科技實力與軍事能力的提升,過去南海諸島孤懸領海邊緣,解放軍無論空軍與海軍,續航能力不濟,只能眼睜睜看着他國為所欲為而無力挽救。而今國強軍威,利用全球領先的吹填人工島技術,在戰略位置造出幾個島,島上建軍港和機場,大大提高空軍與海軍的駐防能力與應變機動性。同時,戰機的續航能力提升,且有了航空母艦戰鬥群,對整個南海的防衛能力不可同日而語。

菲律賓對於中國實力突飛猛進,並非一知半解,但仍然存在僥倖心理,特別是去年上任的新一屆政府,今年4月底,與美軍聯合軍演,無論參演人數18,000名和軍艦數量,都超過了歷史最高紀錄。同時又新增4個軍事基地供美軍使用,開放基地達到9個,同樣是歷史最多。

中菲在南海領土之爭,由來已久,這次再起爭端,菲方聲稱是要奪回漁民的捕魚權利,而菲律賓漁業的產值,只佔GDP1.5%,當中還包括很多養殖和海草繁殖部分,政府應該不會因為並不起眼的經濟利益而跟中國抗衡。實際上,菲律賓這一屆政府,以為依仗美國,就可以跟中國爭一日之長短,這個如意算盤從表面上是看準了時勢,因為美國願意支持一切跟中國爭執的國家,尤其是菲律賓位處南海周邊,正好是在美國圍堵中國鏈條的中部位置。

美國「無中生有」搞出一個印太地區的概念,企圖將東北亞的韓國和日本,與印度形成一個半月形的包圍圈,將中國圍堵其中,中間確實需要跟東南亞國家「結盟」,菲律賓是其中最為主動積極配合的一個。但菲律賓可能高估了美國,多開放4個軍事基地供美軍使用,美國的回報是區區8000萬美元作為新建和維護基礎設施的費用,美國對菲律賓一點都不大方。

菲律賓依仗美國挑釁中國 一旦有事美國不會強出頭

菲律賓高估美國願意為其出頭的意願,另一例證是有關美國最近倡議組織印度經中東借以色列出海連通歐洲的「香料走廊」,這個計劃在地緣政治上考量是否能實施是一回事,但美國只出建議,卻沒有表示願意提供資金或者融資計劃予以支持,顯示這可能又是一個「磨嘴皮子」的創意。另外,一旦有事,美國尚且不會為台灣跟中國開戰,何况是菲律賓。

處理南海的領土糾紛,中國的立場明確,就是有問題就由涉事雙方通過外交途徑解決。本來這是對菲律賓等主權聲稱國家有利,但菲律賓非要「動武」,由政府派公務船帶着國際媒體,去挑釁中國的執法海警船,到頭來必然會引發中國提高執法的手段。所謂中菲緊張關係升級,完全是可以避免的。

南海諸島,現在被外國佔領的還有很多,菲律賓就佔用了8個,這是不可能長期置之不理的。中國一再表明,對於維護國家主權和領土完整的決心,不容置疑,而且中國對此的能力,與日俱增,今後如何解決被非法佔領的南海島礁問題,對於中國以及涉事國家來說,都是一個挑戰,處理不當,會引起更大的國際紛爭。中國十分清楚,美國不但願意看到中國跟有領土糾紛國家之間的矛盾升級,而且還會從中搗鼓,慫恿其事,中國有足夠的耐性去處理,只要涉事國家將問題局限在兩國之間的雙邊框架去處理,而不是把它國際化,或者配合美國去挑釁中國,一切都好商量。

中國是菲律賓最大貿易伙伴和第二大出口市場,去年雙方貿易額增加了10.6%,兩國的互補性很大,特別是雙方都加入了區域全面經濟伙伴協定(RCEP),貿易潛力還有待挖掘。然而,在中菲關係低谷時,中國稍稍修訂進口標準,菲律賓對中國出口香蕉的數額下跌40%,若然菲律賓要發展經濟,應該引以為戒,認清中國市場對菲律賓的重要地位。遠親不如近鄰,對中菲兩國而言,對軍事經濟而言,都是兩國應該三思的考慮。

New Episode in the South China Sea

THE ALREADY STORMY South China Sea has seen yet another incident recently. Late last month (September) the Philippines salvaged some anchor chains from the waters near Huangyan Island, claiming to have removed facilities set up by China to intercept the Filipino fishing vessels.

Huangyan Island was once occupied by the Philippines while the country dispersed Chinese fishing ships and arrested Chinese fishermen. In 2012, China regained control of the island. In recent years, it has been driving away Philippine fishing boats around the island.

The swap of positions between China and the Philippines has been due to China's improvement of scientific and technological prowess and military capabilities. In the past, due to the poor travel ranges of the air and naval forces of the People's Liberation Army, China could only watch helplessly whatever other countries wanted to do to the South China Sea Islands, which are on the periphery of its territorial waters, without being able to salvage the situation. Nowadays, China is a powerful nation with formidable armed forces. Employing world-leading artificial island-filling technology, it has built several islands in strategic locations. On these islands military ports and airports have been constructed, hugely improving the air and naval forces' garrisoning capabilities, adaptability and mobility. At the same time, the enhanced travel ranges of fighter aircraft and the creation of aircraft carrier battle groups mean that the nation's ability to defend the entire South China Sea is now at a different level.

The Philippines is not completely ignorant of China's rapid growth in strength, but it wants to take its chances. The new government that took office last year, in particular, held a joint military exercise with the US military at the end of April this year. Both the number of participants (18,000) and the number of warships were record-breaking. Meanwhile, the Philippines has added four new military bases for the use of the US military, bringing the number of open bases to nine, also the most in history.

The territorial dispute between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea is a long-standing issue. As for the new dispute, the Philippines claims that it wants to help its fishermen regain their fishing rights. However, the total volume of fisheries production in the Philippines only accounts for 1.5% of its GDP, and this includes a lot of aquaculture and seaweed propagation. It is unlikely that the Philippine government is confronting China simply because of such negligible economic interests. In fact, the current Philippine government thinks that it can be a rival of China by leaning on the US. It harbours such wishful thinking seemingly because of its grasp of the current situation, as the US is willing to support all countries that dispute with China. Particularly, the Philippines is located on the periphery of the South China Sea, right in the middle of the US chain of containment against China.

China is the Philippines' largest trading partner and second-largest export market. Last year, bilateral trade rose by 10.6%. The two countries are highly complementary, especially given the fact that both countries have joined the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The trade potential has yet to be tapped. However, when China-Philippines relations were at a low point, China slightly revised its import standards and caused the Philippines' banana exports to China to fall by 40%. If the Philippines wants to develop its economy, it should take this as a warning and recognise the importance of the Chinese market to the Philippines. "For better is a neighbour that is near than a brother far off," as the saying goes. Both China and the Philippines should think twice when it comes to military and economic issues.

中菲爭島礁又起事 美印太戰略難成鏈

本來就不平靜的南海近日又起事端,菲律賓上月底在黃岩島附近海域打撈起一些錨鏈,聲稱將中方設置攔截菲方漁船的設施切斷。

黃岩島一度被菲律賓佔領,其時驅趕中國漁船,拘捕中國漁民,2012年中國奪回黃岩島控制權,近年中國在黃岩島周邊驅趕菲律賓漁船。

中菲身分逆轉,中國依靠的是科技實力與軍事能力的提升,過去南海諸島孤懸領海邊緣,解放軍無論空軍與海軍,續航能力不濟,只能眼睜睜看着他國為所欲為而無力挽救。而今國強軍威,利用全球領先的吹填人工島技術,在戰略位置造出幾個島,島上建軍港和機場,大大提高空軍與海軍的駐防能力與應變機動性。同時,戰機的續航能力提升,且有了航空母艦戰鬥群,對整個南海的防衛能力不可同日而語。

菲律賓對於中國實力突飛猛進,並非一知半解,但仍然存在僥倖心理,特別是去年上任的新一屆政府,今年4月底,與美軍聯合軍演,無論參演人數18,000名和軍艦數量,都超過了歷史最高紀錄。同時又新增4個軍事基地供美軍使用,開放基地達到9個,同樣是歷史最多。

中菲在南海領土之爭,由來已久,這次再起爭端,菲方聲稱是要奪回漁民的捕魚權利,而菲律賓漁業的產值,只佔GDP1.5%,當中還包括很多養殖和海草繁殖部分,政府應該不會因為並不起眼的經濟利益而跟中國抗衡。實際上,菲律賓這一屆政府,以為依仗美國,就可以跟中國爭一日之長短,這個如意算盤從表面上是看準了時勢,因為美國願意支持一切跟中國爭執的國家,尤其是菲律賓位處南海周邊,正好是在美國圍堵中國鏈條的中部位置。

中國是菲律賓最大貿易伙伴和第二大出口市場,去年雙方貿易額增加了10.6%,兩國的互補性很大,特別是雙方都加入了區域全面經濟伙伴協定,貿易潛力還有待挖掘。然而,在中菲關係低谷時,中國稍稍修訂進口標準,菲律賓對中國出口香蕉的數額下跌40%,若然菲律賓要發展經濟,應該引以為戒,認清中國市場對菲律賓的重要地位。遠親不如近鄰,對軍事經濟而言,是兩國應該三思的考慮。

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