2022年8月4日 星期四

解放軍演練鎖島 台海格局起變化

<轉載自202285 明報 社評>

美國眾議院議長佩洛西任性妄為,挑起台海波瀾,解放軍昨天起包圍台灣,展開實彈演練,戰機多次跨越台方主張的「台海中線」,相信更有彈道導彈首度飛越台灣上空,台軍亦有戰機掛彈升空,至於美國方面,除了派偵測機遙遠監視外,暫時未見其他軍事動作。佩洛西挑釁在先,北京遏制台獨不能軟亦不會軟,今次鎖島演習前所未有,台方所劃的防空識別區也好,所謂「台海中線」也罷,已是形同虛設,這是台海軍事形勢一次重要改變。觀乎演習首天情况,解放軍拿揑分寸很小心,台軍亦無過激行動。兩岸同根生,烽煙不樂見,台海危機能否緩和下來,還看華府及其盟友會否繼續煽風點火、唯恐天下不亂。

鎖島軍演史無前例 解放軍台軍皆克制

佩洛西訪台雖未引發中美軍事衝突,卻令台海局勢變得更緊張。為了遏抑台獨,北京一方面採取經濟打擊措施,禁止多類台灣產品進口,以及叫停對台出口天然砂;另一方面,解放軍連日在台海周邊演習,昨天起一連3日的實彈包圍演練,形同演示如何封鎖台灣。綜合兩岸媒體說法,首日圍島演習,解放軍東部戰區出動了過百戰機,逾10艘大型軍艦參與了聯合封控行動,火箭軍部隊則對台灣東部外海預定海域,發射多枚東風系列導彈,精準命中目標,展示「區域拒止能力」,外間相信有彈道導彈飛越台灣上空,是歷來首次。另外,解放軍無人機在金門上空掠過,也是前所未聞。

1990年代中的台海危機相比,這次解放軍的行動,論規模、形式和震懾力,均不可同日而語。當年解放軍劃定6個海域試射導彈,但主要區塊都在大陸沿海,兩個臨近台灣的區域,則在距基隆港及高雄港30公里的外海;這次解放軍所劃定的6個演習區,以高雄、基隆、台東、花蓮等各大港口作假想演練目標,儼然將台灣重重包圍,在基隆外海的軍演區域,距離陸地最近不足20公里。「台海中線」互不踰越是台方主張,北京從不承認,但以往解放軍也鮮有過界。根據台軍說法,單是本周三就有廿多架次解放軍戰機跨越「台海中線」。隨着鎖島演練展開,無論是台方的防空識別區,還是所謂「台海中線」,解放軍戰機皆視之如無物。

新台海危機仍在發展,得與失不易衡量。對綠營而言,佩洛西到訪是一次外交突破,但事件亦為北京進一步加強對台海的實質控制,提供了機會,鎖島演練同樣是一次重要突破。台北當局指控解放軍包圍演習違反國際法,北京則強調這是維護國家主權和領土完整的正當軍事行動,符合國際法。聯合國秘書長古特雷斯周三回應有關中美緊張升級的提問,重申聯合國恪守一個中國政策,以及相關的聯大2758號決議。按此而論,所謂軍演「侵犯台灣領土領海」之說,在聯合國定義下並不成立。

西方陣營一些政客熱中渲染中國威脅論,喜歡將台灣比作烏克蘭,然而目前並無迹象顯示北京「武統」迫在眉睫,向美國及台獨勢力發出嚴重警告,才是今次演習的核心。觀乎首日軍演情况,解放軍表現很有分寸,雖是鎖島演練,但無真的切斷台灣對外海空聯繫,民眾生活基本如常。按照國際慣例,大規模軍演最好提前3天公布,緊急情况下一般不少於24小時。解放軍提前38小時對外宣布,確保軍事行動前船舶及時離開,民航航線也有時間調整,亦展現了負責任的態度。

同室操戈是悲劇 提防他國挑事端

另一邊廂,台軍昨早雖有派軍機掛彈升空,但同時亦強調會以「不升高衝突、不引發爭端」方針,應對解放軍演習。兩岸同根同源,同室操戈是悲劇,唯有敵人才樂見。兩岸軍方的審慎態度,若能貫徹始終,避免擦槍走火當然最好,目前需要留意是美國或周邊其他國家,會否煽風點火,趁機渾水摸魚。

佩洛西專機避開南海繞道赴台,解放軍亦無派戰機攔截,反映中美兩國政府都不想爆發軍事衝突。隨着佩洛西結束台灣之行,原本在鄰近地區戒備的美艦亦駛離。昨天解放軍演習,美軍據報也只是按常規做法,派偵測機遙遠監視;外交方面,美國駐華大使伯恩斯就鎖台軍演一事,向中方提出「正式抗議」,除此之外,暫時未見華府有更大動作,未知是否因為拜登政府不想令中美緊張關係再惡化,惟美方顯然還有其他外交操作方式,例如假借他人之手,將矛頭指向中國。

G7外長聯同歐盟代表發聲明,指控中方借佩洛西外訪在台海「軍事挑釁」,令「地區緊張局勢升級」。中國外交部反駁也不客氣,批評七國外長「還以為自己活在百多年前的八國聯軍時代」,帝國主義「列強夢應該醒醒」。日本政府昨天表示,中方有5枚彈道導彈,落在所謂「日本專屬經濟區」,向中方抗議,儘管相關水域究竟屬於中國台灣還是日本的專屬經濟區,向來就有爭議。當然,現階段這些都不過是外交口舌之爭,但如果有國家進一步操作,甚至假借「航行自由」或「捍衛權益」之名,作出煽風點火行為,就有可能令台海形勢變得更複雜更危險。

Taiwan Strait tensions are worrying

CHINA'S People's Liberation Army (PLA) began to encircle Taiwan yesterday (4 August) and launched live-fire drills. Its fighter jets repeatedly crossed the Taiwan Strait median line claimed by Taiwan. There were even ballistic missiles believed to have flown over Taiwan for the first time, while warplanes from the Taiwanese military forces, loaded with bombs, were also scrambled. As for the US, no military actions have been observed so far apart from its sending surveillance planes to monitor China's actions at a distance.

Beijing has, on the one hand, taken measures to deal economic blows to Taiwan, banning the import of many types of Taiwanese products and suspending the export of natural sand to Taiwan. On the other hand, the PLA has been conducting a days-long military exercise on the periphery of the Taiwan Strait. The three-day live-fire encirclement war game that began yesterday was like a demonstration of how a blockade of Taiwan could be conducted. According to media reports from both sides of the Taiwan Strait, on the first day of the island encirclement exercise, the PLA's eastern battle area dispatched more than 100 fighter jets, and more than ten large warships participated in the joint encirclement and control operation. Its rocket force fired a number of Dongfeng missiles onto designated open waters to the east of Taiwan, hitting targets with precision and demonstrating the PLA's "area denial capability". It is believed that ballistic missiles flew over Taiwan for the first time ever. In addition, PLA drones flew over Kinmen, something that had never been heard of before.

Compared with the Taiwan Strait crisis in the mid-1990s, the PLA's actions this time are incomparable in terms of scale, form and deterrence. Back then, the PLA designated six sea areas to test-fire missiles, but the main areas were all along the coast of mainland China. The two areas near Taiwan were open sea areas 30 kilometres away from Keelung Port and Kaohsiung Port. This time around, the six areas designated as military drill zones by the PLA have had Kaohsiung, Keelung, Taitung, Hualien and other major ports as imaginary targets, seemingly to surround Taiwan. The military exercise area in the sea off Keelung is less than 20 kilometres away from land. While the Taiwan Strait median line, where neither side should cross, is an idea proposed by Taiwan and has never been recognised by Beijing, the PLA had rarely crossed the line in the past. According to the Taiwanese military forces, more than 20 sorties of PLA fighter jets crossed the Taiwan Strait median line on Wednesday alone. Since the island encirclement drills unfolded, PLA fighter jets have been treating both Taiwan's air defence identification zone and the so-called "Taiwan Strait median line" with complete disregard.

G7 foreign ministers and EU representatives have issued a statement accusing China of using Nancy Pelosi's foreign visit as a pretext to conduct "military provocations" in the Taiwan Strait, thus "increasing regional tensions". There was no civility in the reply made by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which criticised the foreign ministers of the seven countries for "thinking that we still lived in the era of the Eight-Nation Alliance more than a hundred years ago" and that "those still having the imperialist dream of them being the great powers should wake up". The Japanese government said yesterday that five ballistic missiles fired by China had landed in the so-called "Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone". Of course, at this stage, all this is nothing more than diplomatic rhetoric, but if some countries take further actions or make inciteful moves under the pretext of "freedom of navigation" or "defence of rights and interests", the situation in the Taiwan Strait might become more complicated and dangerous.

遏制台獨不能軟 台海緊張令人憂

解放軍昨天起包圍台灣,展開實彈演練,戰機多次跨越台方主張的「台海中線」,相信更有彈道導彈首度飛越台灣上空,台軍亦有戰機掛彈升空,至於美國方面,除了派偵測機遙遠監視外,暫時未見其他軍事動作。

北京一方面採取經濟打擊措施,禁止多類台灣產品進口,以及叫停對台出口天然砂;另一方面,解放軍連日在台海周邊演習,昨天起一連3日的實彈包圍演練,形同演示如何封鎖台灣。綜合兩岸媒體說法,首日圍島演習,解放軍東部戰區出動了過百戰機,逾10艘大型軍艦參與了聯合封控行動,火箭軍部隊則對台灣東部外海預定海域,發射多枚東風系列導彈,精準命中目標,展示「區域拒止能力」,外間相信有彈道導彈飛越台灣上空,是歷來首次。另外,解放軍無人機在金門上空掠過,也是前所未聞。

1990年代中的台海危機相比,這次解放軍的行動,論規模、形式和震懾力,均不可同日而語。當年解放軍劃定6個海域試射導彈,但主要區塊都在大陸沿海,兩個臨近台灣的區域,則在距基隆港及高雄港30公里的外海;這次解放軍所劃定的6個演習區,以高雄、基隆、台東、花蓮等各大港口作假想演練目標,儼然將台灣重重包圍,在基隆外海的軍演區域,距離陸地最近不足20公里。「台海中線」互不踰越是台方主張,北京從不承認,但以往解放軍也鮮有過界。根據台軍說法,單是本周三就有廿多架次解放軍戰機跨越「台海中線」。隨着鎖島演練展開,無論是台方的防空識別區,還是所謂「台海中線」,解放軍戰機皆視之如無物。

G7外長聯同歐盟代表發聲明,指控中方借佩洛西外訪在台海「軍事挑釁」,令「地區緊張局勢升級」。中國外交部反駁也不客氣,批評七國外長「還以為自己活在百多年前的八國聯軍時代」,帝國主義「列強夢應該醒醒」。日本政府昨天表示,中方有5枚彈道導彈,落在所謂「日本專屬經濟區」。當然,現階段這些都不過是外交口舌之爭,但如果有國家進一步操作,甚至假借「航行自由」或「捍衛權益」之名,作出煽風點火行為,就有可能令台海形勢變得更複雜更危險。

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