<轉載自2022年8月3日 明報 社評>
台海局勢風起雲湧,美國政府第三號人物、眾議院議長佩洛西乘坐專機訪問台北,同時亦將中美關係推向韓戰結束以來最大危機,外長王毅批抨美方在台灣問題上背信棄義。中美近日在區內的軍事調動或演練頻頻,氣氛雖然緊張,但兩國似乎都不想為佩洛西一場政治騷而開戰,可是佩洛西訪台,明顯是一次挑戰中方領土主權核心利益的舉措,中方遏抑台獨氣焰,不會就此罷休。今次是中美在新冷戰時代首場重大危機,佩洛西訪台,只是這場危機的序幕,解放軍宣布將一連五天圍繞台灣6個區域軍演,形同封鎖台灣,美方有何反應難料,倘若事態惡化,有可能演變為21世紀版的「古巴導彈危機」。
佩洛西任性不理後果 解放軍演習包圍台灣
佩洛西以反華見稱,她要成為美國歷史上首名踏足台灣的民主黨眾議院議長,也想以「反華牌」幫民主黨在11月中期選舉振聲勢,臨時「縮沙」不去,不僅打擊個人聲望,更將重挫美國在區內威信。佩洛西最終選擇豁出去,可是如果她真的無懼解放軍中途攔截,其專機昨天實無必要繞遠路,離開大馬後先往東飛越印尼上空,再沿菲律賓北上前往台北,刻意避開南海。根據台媒報道,解放軍戰機曾一度現身台灣西南周邊空域,其後內地更有報道稱解放軍戰機穿越台灣海峽。中方不作軍事冒險舉措攔阻佩洛西,不代表沒有能力這樣做,相信這亦是解放軍所要傳達給美方的信息。
中美鬥爭激烈,影響亞太區安全。佩洛西這次出訪亞洲,首站是新加坡,根據外電報道,新加坡總理李顯龍親自向她表明,中美關係穩定對地區和平及安全很重要,敦促她要與中國建立「穩定的關係」,然而佩洛西卻不理友好國家領導人的忠告,也無視《華盛頓郵報》以及美國權威中國問題專家葛來儀(Bonnie Glaser)等勸喻,執意訪台挑起危機。外交部昨天譴責佩洛西竄訪台北,「嚴正交涉強烈抗議」僅是第一步。昨晚有可能是改變世界的一夜,中美關係有破裂危機,台海局勢未來一段時間,有可能波濤洶湧,佩洛西任性為私,最終代價之大,有可能超出今天各方想像。
白宮堅稱,美國三權分立,佩洛西身為眾議院議長,訪台與否是「個人決定」,不會改變美國「一個中國」政策,云云,但既然美國國防部和軍方都已採取行動,確保佩洛西安全,事件已不可能說跟美國行政機關無關。誠如葛來儀所言,美國長期奉行的海峽兩岸「戰略模糊」政策,已變成「戰略混淆」,拜登在涉台議題上多番「失言」,包括一旦解放軍攻台,美國有「承諾」協防台灣,令數十年來行之有效的台海政策出現搖擺,只需一點星火已足以引爆危機衝突,佩洛西訪台,正有可能成為這一點星火。
過去數年,中美關係急轉直下,美國為保世界一哥地位,千方百計遏制中國崛起,揭開21世紀新冷戰序幕。佩洛西訪台危機,正是新冷戰時代中美首場重大危機,論歷史意義和危險性,某程度可與舊冷戰時代美蘇古巴導彈危機相提並論。
1962年10月中旬,古巴導彈危機爆發,美蘇對峙激烈,根據數十年後的解密文件顯示,這場持續約一個月的危機,幾乎觸發戰爭,是冷戰時代美蘇最接近全面核戰的一次。這場危機中,美蘇各自都認為有必要企硬:對白宮而言,蘇聯支持古巴革命並在當地部署核彈,直接威脅美國本土;克宮則認為是美國1959年在土耳其及意大利部署核彈威脅蘇聯在先,反制有理。古巴導彈危機,是一場典型的「鬥大膽博弈」(chicken game),情况猶如兩名車手狹路相逢,擺出不要命姿態,驅車迎頭對撼,誰先扭軚避開是輸家,但如果雙方都不閃避,結局將是車毁人亡齊齊喪命。經過連番外交談判,這場危機以蘇聯撤回部署導彈、美方宣布不再入侵古巴,以及秘密撤回在意土兩國的核彈作結。
「古巴危機」式鬥大膽 中美容易擦槍走火
60年過去,時地人雖然變了,但這次佩洛西訪台所挑起的危機,其實跟當年一樣,同樣是「鬥大膽博弈」,看看誰膽小退讓。習拜上周通電話,兩國高層都很清楚互相立場,佩洛西作為美國政府第三號人物,不可能不明白。換言之,佩洛西訪台危機,不存在缺乏溝通又或誤解問題,就是要來一場外交軍事博弈。佩洛西抵台,只是揭開了這場「鬥大膽博弈」的序幕,往後發展難以預料。解放軍未來數天的軍演,變相封鎖台灣,某程度是反將美國一軍,倘若美方反應軟弱,將被質疑是否有「支持台灣」的意志,但如果美軍有所行動,又可能令台海局勢升級,加深擦槍走火的風險。
近年美台官方往來、軍事合作愈益公開化,美艦通航台海愈益高調,美國「一中」政策不斷被掏空,這跟25年前時任眾議院議長金里奇訪台的背景大大不同。對北京而言,「一中」原則已經退無可退,若不強硬回應,「一中」原則在國際社會恐名存實亡,美國其他盟友勢將紛紛仿效,昨天英國傳媒便報道,英國下議院外交事務委員會打算年底訪台。當年古巴導彈危機,雖然美蘇最終各有退讓,但由於美國從意大利土耳其撤走核彈,乃是秘密所為,外界普遍視蘇聯先退讓,後來赫魯曉夫下台,古巴危機對美軟弱是「罪名」之一。亦有評論認為,這場危機助長了華府強硬派氣焰,傾向武力抗共,促成越戰。至於古巴則感到被蘇聯出賣,兩國關係大倒退。放諸今天,這些歷史經驗,其實很有參考價值。
Pelosi in Taiwan: biggest crisis since Korean War
Tensions run high in the Taiwan Strait as US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, the third highest ranking figure in the US government, has arrived in Taipei by special plane for a visit, pushing Sino-US relations towards the biggest crisis since the end of the Korean War. Foreign Minister Wang Yi accused the US of breaking its word on the issue of Taiwan. Despite the tension amid the frequent military manoeuvres or drills by China and the US in the region in recent days, apparently neither side wants to go to war simply because of Pelosi's political show. However, Pelosi's visit is obviously an act of challenging China's core interest of territorial sovereignty. In order to suppress the flame of Taiwan independence, Beijing will not let things slide. Pelosi's visit to Taiwan is only a prelude to the first major crisis between the two countries in the New Cold War era. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has announced military drills for four consecutive days in six zones encircling Taiwan, as if laying siege to the island. It is hard to predict how Washington will react. If the situation worsens, it can turn into a 21st century version of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Well known for her anti-China stance, Pelosi wanted to become the first Democratic House Speaker in US history to set foot in Taiwan. By playing the "anti-China card", she also wanted to help boost the momentum of the Democratic Party's campaign for the midterm elections in November. If she had chickened out at the eleventh hour, not only would that have been a blow to her personal fame, but it would also have been a setback for the US's reputation in the region. According to the Taiwanese media, PLA warplanes appeared in the airspace over the south-western periphery of Taiwan at one point. Later, reports from the mainland even reported that PLA warplanes had flown across the Taiwan Strait. China did not take the military risk to intercept Pelosi, but that does not mean that it is unable to. It is believed that that was also the message that the PLA wanted to send to the US.
The fierce rivalry between China and the US affects the security of the Asia-Pacific region. The first stop of Pelosi's trip to Asia was Singapore. According to foreign news reports, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong spoke to Pelosi personally about the importance of stable Sino-US relations to regional peace and security and urged her to build a "stable relationship" with China. However, Pelosi turned a deaf ear to the advice from the leader of a friendly state. She also ignored similar advice from the Washington Post, leading US expert on Chinese issues Bonnie Glaser and others, insisting on visiting Taiwan to create a crisis. Yesterday (2 August), the Chinese foreign ministry condemned Pelosi's sneaky visit to Taipei. But lodging "solemn representations and strong protests" was only the first step. Last night might have been a world-changing night. China and the US now face the risk of a rupture in relations. The situation over the Taiwan Strait in the coming period of time is likely to be a stormy one.
Sino-US relations have deteriorated sharply over the past few years. In a bid to secure its leading position in the world, Washington has tried to inhibit China's rise by all means, leading to the start of a New Cold War in the 21st century. The current crisis provoked by Pelosi's visit to Taiwan is exactly the first major crisis between China and the US in the New Cold War era. If one examines its historical meaning and danger, to a certain extent it is comparable to the Cuban Missile Crisis during the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. Both are "chicken games" to test who chickens out first. The developments will be hardly predictable.
佩洛西不理警告訪台 韓戰後中美最大危機
台海局勢風起雲湧,美國政府第三號人物、眾議院議長佩洛西乘坐專機訪問台北,同時亦將中美關係推向韓戰結束以來最大危機,外長王毅批抨美方在台灣問題上背信棄義。中美近日在區內的軍事調動或演練頻頻,氣氛雖然緊張,但兩國似乎都不想為佩洛西一場政治騷而開戰,可是佩洛西訪台,明顯是一次挑戰中方領土主權核心利益的舉措,中方遏抑台獨氣焰,不會就此罷休。今次是中美在新冷戰時代首場重大危機,佩洛西訪台,只是這場危機的序幕,解放軍宣布將一連四天圍繞台灣6個區域軍演,形同封鎖台灣,美方有何反應難料,倘若事態惡化,有可能演變為21世紀版的「古巴導彈危機」。
佩洛西以反華見稱,她要成為美國歷史上首名踏足台灣的民主黨眾議院議長,也想以「反華牌」幫民主黨在11月中期選舉振聲勢,臨時「縮沙」不去,不僅打擊個人聲望,更將重挫美國在區內威信。根據台媒報道,解放軍戰機曾一度現身台灣西南周邊空域,其後內地更有報道稱解放軍戰機穿越台灣海峽。中方不作軍事冒險舉措攔阻佩洛西,不代表沒有能力這樣做,相信這亦是解放軍所要傳達給美方的信息。
中美鬥爭激烈,影響亞太區安全。佩洛西這次出訪亞洲,首站是新加坡,根據外電報道,新加坡總理李顯龍親自向她表明,中美關係穩定對地區和平及安全很重要,敦促她要與中國建立「穩定的關係」,然而佩洛西卻不理友好國家領導人的忠告,也無視《華盛頓郵報》以及美國權威中國問題專家葛來儀(Bonnie Glaser)等勸喻,執意訪台挑起危機。外交部昨天譴責佩洛西竄訪台北,「嚴正交涉強烈抗議」僅是第一步。昨晚有可能是改變世界的一夜,中美關係有破裂危機,台海局勢未來一段時間,有可能波濤洶湧。
過去數年,中美關係急轉直下,美國為保世界一哥地位,千方百計遏制中國崛起,揭開21世紀新冷戰序幕。佩洛西訪台危機,正是新冷戰時代中美首場重大危機,論歷史意義和危險性,某程度可與舊冷戰時代美蘇古巴導彈危機相提並論,同樣是「鬥大膽博弈」,看看誰膽小退讓。往後發展難以預料。
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