2021年7月1日 星期四

開創未來安內攘外 中國重塑國際秩序

 <轉載自202172 明報 社評>

中共百年黨慶,總書記習近平在北京天安門城樓發表演說,強調「以史為鑑,開創未來」,向全面建成社會主義現代化強國邁進。實現民族復興,是晚清以來無數中國人的心願,這一刻的中國,確實比過去百多年的任何一段時間,更接近此一目標,只是目標愈接近,內外阻力亦愈多。西方主導世界秩序百載,美國無法接受中國趕超,傾力制華,習近平的演說,強調不允外來勢力欺負中國人民,必須上下團結,富國強兵,辭鋒銳利強硬,同時亦明確帶出「人不犯我、我不犯人」的信息。當下國際形勢錯綜複雜,各方聚焦中美博弈,容易忽略國際格局正在悄然出現的結構變化,「西方世界等於國際社會」的時代已成過去。

克服內外阻力求復興 習演說對外措辭強硬

習近平向世界作出4個「莊嚴宣告」,並就「以史為鑑,開創未來」,提出9項論述。4個「莊嚴宣告」,簡言之就是中華民族不再任人宰割欺凌、社會主義救國興邦、改革開放是國運關鍵、民族復興進入不可逆轉歷史進程,至於「開創未來」的9項論述,除了堅持中國特色社會主義和黨領導等說法,還有從嚴治黨、加強人民團結、加快科技強軍、不斷推動構建人類命運共同體。

這幾年香港局面大變,兩岸關係非常緊張。習近平談到港澳台,重申準確貫徹一國兩制、堅持「九二共識」,同時強調要維護國家主權及安全,粉碎台獨圖謀,相關說法有很強針對性。習近平表示,解決台灣問題,實現祖國完全統一,是中共「矢志不渝的歷史任務」,沒有排除任何實現統一的手段,台獨力量和美國低估北京的統一決心,可以引發嚴重軍事衝突。

中共定下「兩個百年目標」,全面小康目標已達,下一個目標,即全面建成社會主義現代化強國,由發展中國家蛻變成發達國家,面對內外各種阻力,這絕對不會是坦途。中國民族復興之路,腐敗是最大威脅,從嚴治黨和團結人民,着眼的是內部阻力;加強科技強軍,推動構建人類命運共同體,針對的是外部,強軍為抗敵,命運共同體則是促合作。

習近平表示,中國人民「絕不允許任何外來勢力欺負、壓迫、奴役」,「誰妄想這樣幹,必將在14億多中國人民用血肉築成的鋼鐵長城面前碰得頭破血流」,任何挑撥中共與人民對立的企圖,「都絕不會得逞」。這番措辭強硬的說話,既與國家百年積弱歷史緊扣,同時亦是外部力量試圖阻撓中國復興的嚴正警告。可以想像,這番說話聽在西方輿論耳裏,必定有人視為「宣揚民族主義轉移國民視線」,儘管現實是民族主義、大國主義從來存在於現代西方,揮之不去的種族主義問題,本身就是一種折射,只是西方不願承認自身的民族主義,要麼包裝成「愛國主義」自我美化,要麼以「普世價值」去遮蓋。

西方看待非西方世界,從未擺脫「東方主義」盲點成見。近年中國外交不再韜光養晦,愈益主動進取,不僅拒絕美國等國家說教,還反過來挖其瘡疤,有意見認為此舉不智,甚至走回頭路,回到毛澤東「反美帝」時代,然而中國外交這種變化,並不能簡單用「戰狼外交」、「走回頭路」等概括,現實是以中國的幅員和規模,若然成為發達國家,世界秩序必定顯著調整,不再向西方大幅傾斜,美國要第一,無法接受這種改變,就算中國繼續韜光養晦,美國一樣會千方百計遏制,既然如此,對北京而言,倒不如早些積極嘗試塑造新秩序,人類命運共同體和一帶一路,正是由此而生。

中美角力激烈,南海、東海、台海軍事動作頻頻,華府一邊渲染中國威脅論,一邊拉幫結派,營造中國正被「國際社會」孤立的印象,然而「西方世界等於國際社會」的時代早已成為過去,近期中美在不同國際外交平台過招,經常出現的情况是,美國伙同一批盟友向華施壓,中國則找來另一批國家「撐場」反駁,甚至反斥美國不是。

二戰後,西方透過政治經濟和軍事手段,建立起一個以西方為核心的國際經濟分工體系,確保各種利益從「邊陲」的發展中國家,源源不絕向「核心」輸送,促進西方繁榮,然而這個國際體系,已被中國崛起打亂。中國提出一帶一路,鼓勵全國不同地區,與周邊國家乃至更遙遠的國度,建立一個個的經濟圈、經濟帶,不再依附於西方主導的國際體系,實際就是對經濟全球化的重塑。至於人類命運共同體,則是以傳統「天下」思想為本的國際秩序觀,強調大國與小國各有相應的權利及責任,力求重塑過去百多年西方大國主導的國際關係模式,糾正強權外交、叢林法則等流弊。

西方不再等於國際社會 港人看世界視角要多元

當然,西方對於這些主張,要麼不明所以,要麼嗤之以鼻,然而中國推動這些願景之心,不見得有變。七國集團(G7)提出40萬億美元全球基建投資大計,「抗衡一帶一路」,未知錢從何來,然而中國一帶一路已有的項目,累計金額已超過4萬億美元。這兩年美國所發動的批華文宣攻勢,在西方確實有效,跨國民調顯示西方陣營對華反感度急升,然而近兩年同樣有調查顯示,中國在中東、非洲等地的形象,明顯優於美國,只是這類材料,往往不在西方輿論視角之內。港人的世界觀,以及對國際形勢的看法,長期受西方觀點影響,然而要掌握當今國際格局變化,已不可能再用單一視角看待,否則很容易出現認識上的偏差。

Xi Jinping's speech lays out China's attempt to reshape the global order

In the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s celebration of its centenary, its general secretary Xi Jinping delivered a speech at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. He stressed the need to ''learn from history and create a future'' so that China can make strides on the road to becoming a fully modern socialist power. In his speech, Xi emphasised that external forces would not be allowed to bully the Chinese people. He said China must be united, get wealthy and strengthen its armed forces. The sharp and tough rhetoric conveys the clear message: ''If others do not offend me, I will not offend others.''

Xi made four ''solemn declarations'' to the world, and put forward nine expositions based on ''learning from history and creating a future''. To put it simply, the four so-called ''solemn declarations'' are that the Chinese nation will no longer be at the mercy of others or be bullied by others, that socialism can save and rejuvenate the nation, that reform and opening up is the key to the nation's destiny, and that national rejuvenation has become an irreversible historical process. As for the nine expositions of ''creating a future'', apart from the unswerving adherence to socialism with Chinese characteristics and party leadership, they also include the strict governance of the party, the strengthening of the unity of the people, the acceleration of the building of stronger armed forces through science and technology, and the continued facilitation of the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

The CCP has set the ''Two Centenaries'' goals, the second of which is to build a fully modern socialist power. This would transform China from a developing country into a developed country. On the Chinese nation's path to national rejuvenation, corruption is the biggest threat. The strict governance of the party and the uniting of the people are aimed at tackling internal resistance. The strengthening of the armed forces through science and technology and the promotion of the building of a community with a shared future for mankind are aimed at tackling the situation outside China.

Xi Jinping stated that the Chinese people ''will never allow any external forces to bully, oppress, or enslave them'', saying that ''whoever arrogantly dares entertain the idea of doing these things will surely have their heads broken and bleeding in front of the great steel wall built by the flesh and blood of more than 1.4 billion Chinese people''. Xi also said that any attempts to drive a wedge between the CCP and the people ''will never succeed''. Such tough rhetoric has to do with China's century-long weakness. It is also a stern warning to external forces trying to obstruct China's rejuvenation.

In recent years, China's diplomacy has ceased to be about ''hiding its strengths and biding its time''. It has instead become increasingly aggressive and assertive. Not only does China refuse to listen to the US and other countries preaching at it, but it has also dredged up the past of these countries. Such an approach is regarded by some as unwise or even a step backward to the ''anti-US imperialism'' rhetoric of Mao Zedong's era. Recently, China and the US have crossed swords in different international diplomatic arenas. A situation that has occurred frequently is the US putting pressure on China together with allies and China lining up another bunch of countries to refute the US's claims and even speak ill of the US. China's Belt and Road Initiative is an attempt to encourage different parts of the country to build different economic circles or zones with their neighbouring countries or even remote countries so that they will no longer rely on a global order led by the West. It is, in fact, a reshaping of economic globalisation.

開創未來安內攘外 中國重塑國際秩序

中共百年黨慶,總書記習近平在北京天安門發表演說,強調「以史為鑑,開創未來」,向全面建成社會主義現代化強國邁進。習近平的演說,強調不允外來勢力欺負中國人民,必須上下團結,富國強兵,辭鋒銳利強硬,同時亦明確帶出「人不犯我、我不犯人」的信息。

習近平向世界作出4個「莊嚴宣告」,並就「以史為鑑,開創未來」,提出9項論述。4個「莊嚴宣告」,簡言之就是中華民族不再任人宰割欺凌、社會主義救國興邦、改革開放是國運關鍵、民族復興進入不可逆轉歷史進程,至於「開創未來」的9項論述,除了堅持中國特色社會主義和黨領導等說法,還有從嚴治黨、加強人民團結、加快科技強軍、不斷推動構建人類命運共同體。

中共定下「兩個百年目標」,下一個目標,即全面建成社會主義現代化強國,由發展中國家蛻變成發達國家。中國民族復興之路,腐敗是最大威脅,從嚴治黨和團結人民,着眼的是內部阻力;加強科技強軍,推動構建人類命運共同體,針對的是外部。

習近平表示,中國人民「絕不允許任何外來勢力欺負、壓迫、奴役」,「誰妄想這樣幹,必將在14億多中國人民用血肉築成的鋼鐵長城面前碰得頭破血流」,任何挑撥中共與人民對立的企圖,「都絕不會得逞」。這番措辭強硬的說話,既與國家百年積弱歷史緊扣,同時亦是外部力量試圖阻撓中國復興的嚴正警告。

近年中國外交不再韜光養晦,愈益主動進取,不僅拒絕美國等國家說教,還反過來挖其瘡疤,有意見認為此舉不智,甚至走回頭路,回到毛澤東「反美帝」時代。近期中美在不同國際外交平台過招,經常出現的情况是,美國伙同一批盟友向華施壓,中國則找來另一批國家「撐場」反駁,甚至反斥美國不是。中國提出一帶一路,鼓勵全國不同地區,與周邊國家乃至更遙遠的國度,建立一個個的經濟圈、經濟帶,不再依附於西方主導的國際體系,實際就是對經濟全球化的重塑。

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