<轉載自2023年5月23日 明報 社評>
七國集團(G7)廣島峰會日前結束,中方不滿峰會炒作涉華議題、干涉中國內政,向日本提出嚴正交涉。七國集團向被視為「富國俱樂部」,以討論經濟議題為主,然而隨着世界格局起變、大國鬥爭愈益尖銳,美國藉G7拉幫結派遏華制俄的政治企圖亦愈益突出,而日本政府則顯然選擇站在美國一邊,對華態度愈來愈具對抗性。今次峰會,日本作為東道主,大力配合美國對華步調,無論會議議程還是聯合聲明,都加入大量政治內容,渲染所謂「經濟脅迫」,矛頭對準中國,若非德法等國對華立場相對務實,聯合聲明對華措辭大有可能更為強硬及露骨。北京不滿日本聯美制華,中日關係可能每况愈下。
中美鬥爭激烈 G7成政治平台
G7形成於1970年代,由美國牽頭,石油危機衝擊西方經濟是其誕生背景。早期的G7會議,以討論經濟事務為主,後來漸漸擴至國際政治形勢等議題。曾幾何時,七大工業國挾資本主義世界主宰者的地位,指點環球經濟江山,「富國俱樂部」之名不脛而走,第三世界只能仰其鼻息,然而過去10多年,中國等新興國家迎上全球化潮流,經濟實力顯著上升;另一方面,歐美經濟受金融海嘯衝擊,元氣大傷,二十國集團(G20)一度成為環球經濟最重要的磋商平台,有西方輿論甚至質疑G7存在價值。及至近年,中美走向激烈對抗,華府千方百計遏制中國,加上俄烏戰爭爆發,對華府而言,G7這個老牌平台,其價值更大程度在於政治而不是經濟。這兩年的G7峰會,很能反映這一基調變化。
去年G7峰會以抗俄為主旋律,今次廣島峰會請來烏克蘭總統澤連斯基,抗俄姿態依舊鮮明,至於峰會另一個矛頭,則是指向中國。早在峰會舉行前,美日官員已不斷為「團結應對中國挑戰」吹風,強調七國領袖宣言將提及台海、南海、中國人權等議題,以及明言合作對抗以出口限制等方式的「經濟脅迫」。雖然最終出來的七國領袖聯合聲明,其鋪陳和措辭用語,顯然經過精心計算,降低了一些調門,反映了七國之間一些政治折衷,但美日企圖將其他G7成員國綑綁一起,宣示對華「同一陣線」,整個操作呼之欲出,北京不可能無動於中。
觀乎聯合聲明,有關七國合作應對「經濟脅迫」的段落,基本是「自成一章」,內容主要談及七國要在產業鏈和貿易等方面「去風險化」,避免過度依賴個別國家供應,有關章節沒有點名中國。不過在較後談及「地區事務」的段落,有關對華經濟關係的部分,「經濟脅迫」字眼又再出現。聲明措辭相當謹慎,一再以「我們(G7)會怎做」的表述方式,強調會加強經濟韌性去應付「經濟脅迫」、對抗無理要求技術轉移等等,沒有直接指控中國,但當中的含沙射影成分,北京又豈會看不出來?
德法欲保外交獨立自主,主張與華維持和而不同的合作關係,不願事事被美國牽着走,德國總理朔爾茨在峰會上稱,G7成員無意遏制中國增長,各國將確保在中國大規模投資,供應鏈和對華出口仍會繼續。聯合聲明關於對華關係的段落,一開首先稱準備好跟中方建立「具建設性和穩定的關係」,接着強調G7政策提案「並非旨在損害中國,亦非尋求阻撓中國經濟進步和發展」,「無意與中國脫鈎」等,照顧了德法等國立場,但英國首相辛偉誠會後一句「中國構成當今全球安全及繁榮的最大挑戰」,卻彷彿是代華府傳達,這才是重點所在。
G7聯合聲明兼顧不同成員國立場,情况就像半杯水,不能看一半不看另一半;一些冠冕堂皇的門面話,掩蓋不了其他部分所包含的惡意。美國總統拜登昨天總結,以「無意脫鈎」等說法,包裝為華府的「善意」,聲言「美中關係相信很快開始解凍」,聽進北京耳裏,不過是一手硬一手軟的外交把戲,單看美國不斷加碼限制美企對華投資、打壓中國晶片製造及供應,已充分顯示華府正在做的事,肯定不止是拜登所言般只為「降低風險」。在北京,外交部批評七國集團不顧中方嚴重關切,執意操弄涉華議題、抹黑攻擊中國、粗暴干涉中國內政,反映北京認為,這次廣島峰會是一次對中國帶有明顯敵意的政治騷,除了美國外,日本也是這場政治騷的策劃者。
日本助美策劃政治騷 對華敵意愈益公開化
由貿易戰、金融戰、科技戰以至晶片戰,儘管美國才是帶頭「經濟脅迫」中國的一方,華為孟晚舟事件更是一場政治逼害,但華府卻倒果為因,挑起事端後,將中方不得已的反制措施,說成是「逼害」,根據日本傳媒上月初報道,這次G7大談合作對抗「經濟脅迫」,華府是背後推手。日本作為此次峰會東道主,在會議議程設置上發揮主要作用,現實清楚顯示,日本在主辦峰會過程中,極力配合美國拉幫結派營造「抗華陣線」。
日本在中美鬥爭中「選邊站」倒向華府,並非今朝之事,只是這次峰會令各方看得更清楚。日本想借美國之力,一方面增加對華戰略籌碼,另一方面則想美國同意在軍事上給日本鬆綁,令日本得以加緊擴軍,成為「正常國家」。中國外交部召見日本駐華大使,就G7炒作涉華議題提出嚴正交涉,說明了事態對中日關係的傷害,日本對華敵意愈益明顯,北京需從日本歷史上對華持續侵略、現實上對華遏制挑釁着眼,制訂對日戰略和開展部署,以確保中國國家安全。
G7 Summit in Hiroshima
Straining Sino-Japanese Relations
The Group of Seven (G7)
Summit concluded the other day in Hiroshima. China, dissatisfied with the
exaggeration of China-related issues and interference in its internal affairs
at the summit, has lodged stern representations with Japan.
The G7 was formed in the
1970s. Led by the United States, it was born out of the impact of the oil
crisis on the Western economy. Early G7 meetings mainly focused on discussing
economic affairs, which were gradually expanded to include topics such as the
international political situation. There was a time when the seven major
industrialised countries leveraged their dominant status in the capitalist
world to boss the global economy around. It became known as a "club of
rich nations", and the third world could only be at its beck and call.
However, over the past ten years or so, emerging countries like China have been
presented with the trend of globalisation, and their economic strength has
increased significantly.
On the other hand, the
economies of Europe and the US have been hit by the 2008 financial crisis,
which has dealt a heavy blow to their vitality. The Group of Twenty (G20) once
became the most important negotiation platform for the global economy. Some
observers in the West have even questioned the raison d'être of the G7. In
recent years, China and the US have engaged in fierce confrontations, and
Washington is trying every means to contain China. Additionally, with the
outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war, the value of the G7, an old platform to
Washington, lies more in politics than economics. The G7 summits of the past
two years could well reflect this change in tone.
Last year's G7 summit
focused on countering Russia. This year, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky
was invited to the Hiroshima summit, making the anti-Russian stance still
clear. As for the other target of the summit, it was directed at China. Before
the summit, US and Japanese officials had been briefing "uniting against
challenges posed by China" constantly, emphasising that the G7 leaders'
declaration would mention issues including the Taiwan Strait, the South China
Sea, China's human rights etc. They would also express the countries'
determination to cooperate against "economic coercion" in the form of
export restrictions and other means.
It is apparent that the
presentation and wording of the final joint statement by the leaders of the
seven countries were carefully calculated. It was toned down, reflecting some
political compromises among the seven countries. However, the US's and Japan's
attempt to bundle G7 members together to declare a "united front"
against China is an obvious operation. It is impossible for Beijing to remain
indifferent.
Japan has chosen to
stand with Washington in the Sino-US struggle. But this did not begin today,
and the summit only goes to let all sides see this more clearly. Japan wants to
rely on the prowess of the US to, on the one hand, increase its strategic
bargaining chips against China. On the other hand, it wants the US to agree to
loosen the restrictions on Japan's military so that Japan can accelerate its
military expansion and become a "normal country".
The Chinese Ministry of
Foreign Affairs has summoned the Japanese ambassador to China and lodged stern
representations over the G7's exaggeration of China-related issues, which shows
the damage to Sino-Japanese relations. Japan's hostility towards China is
becoming increasingly evident. Beijing needs to focus on Japan's persistent
historical invasion of China and its real containment and provocation of China.
It should formulate strategies and deployments against Japan to ensure China's
national security.
美日鼓動「G7」抗華 中日關係恐每况愈下
七國集團(G7)廣島峰會日前結束,中方不滿峰會炒作涉華議題、干涉中國內政,向日本提出嚴正交涉。
G7形成於1970年代,由美國牽頭,石油危機衝擊西方經濟是其誕生背景。早期的G7會議,以討論經濟事務為主,後來漸漸擴至國際政治形勢等議題。曾幾何時,七大工業國挾資本主義世界主宰者的地位,指點環球經濟江山,「富國俱樂部」之名不脛而走,第三世界只能仰其鼻息,然而過去10多年,中國等新興國家迎上全球化潮流,經濟實力顯著上升。
另一方面,歐美經濟受金融海嘯衝擊,元氣大傷,二十國集團(G20)一度成為環球經濟最重要的磋商平台,有西方輿論甚至質疑G7存在價值。及至近年,中美走向激烈對抗,華府千方百計遏制中國,加上俄烏戰爭爆發,對華府而言,G7這個老牌平台,其價值更大程度在於政治而不是經濟。這兩年的G7峰會,很能反映這一基調變化。
去年G7峰會以抗俄為主旋律,今次廣島峰會請來烏克蘭總統澤連斯基,抗俄姿態依舊鮮明,至於峰會另一個矛頭,則是指向中國。早在峰會舉行前,美日官員已不斷為「團結應對中國挑戰」吹風,強調七國領袖宣言將提及台海、南海、中國人權等議題,以及明言合作對抗以出口限制等方式的「經濟脅迫」。
雖然最終出來的七國領袖聯合聲明,其鋪陳和措辭用語,顯然經過精心計算,降低了一些調門,反映了七國之間一些政治折衷,但美日企圖將其他G7成員國綑綁一起,宣示對華「同一陣線」,整個操作呼之欲出,北京不可能無動於中。
日本在中美鬥爭中「選邊站」倒向華府,並非今朝之事,只是這次峰會令各方看得更清楚。日本想借美國之力,一方面增加對華戰略籌碼,另一方面則想美國同意在軍事上給日本鬆綁,令日本得以加緊擴軍,成為「正常國家」。
中國外交部召見日本駐華大使,就G7炒作涉華議題提出嚴正交涉,說明了事態對中日關係的傷害,日本對華敵意愈益明顯,北京需從日本歷史上對華持續侵略、現實上對華遏制挑釁着眼,制訂對日戰略和開展部署,以確保中國國家安全。