<轉載自2012年10月11日 明報 社評>
強積金和長者生活津貼都關乎長者退休後的生活,下月1日實施的強積金半自由行,是用以糾正強積金制度設計之弊,這是當年缺乏深思熟慮的結果,期望這個教訓,對長者生活津貼申報資產爭議有所啟迪,警惕政府和政黨政客切勿民粹任事,以免社會和市民承受重大代價,導致市民大衆最終受害。
政治偏見下的產物 強積金使打工仔憤恨
香港由上世紀60年代開始,斷斷續續討論制訂一個適合本港的退休保障制度,到90年代發展至具體階段,當時社會聚焦討論由私人託管的強制供款計劃(即強積金)和中央公積金制度,港英政府最終選擇了強積金計劃。據知,當時港英政府否決中央公積金制度,並非基於什麼原則理念,只是若實施中央公積金,會由特區政府管理,有行政局成員私下不諱言,「中央公積金經過滾存積累,會是很大筆錢,怎可以給共產黨控制」。約20年前,若說中國會成為全球外匯儲備最多的國家,不會有人相信,何况是對中國有偏見、坐井觀天的行政局成員,但是,港英政府就以這種心態決策,捨中央公積金而取強積金。所以,強積金的決策,本來就是一個錯誤。當年的一個錯誤,就導致今天數以百萬計的打工族受害。
強積金實施至今已經11年,市民對強積金的憤恨,從去年財政預算案,政府給每個強積金戶口注資6000元,而引發的群情洶湧可見一斑,市民認為政府注資是「明益」強積金受託人。因為強積金回報率已經不高,管理費卻高昂,蠶食打工仔的血汗錢,以現在強積金資產總值約3900億元的規模,平均管理費為1.74%,即每年收取數以十億元計管理費。強積金未能保障打工仔退休生活,卻成為供養受託人與基金經理的會生金蛋的鵝。
強積金半自由行,打工仔可以每年一次把其供款,由僱主選定的受託人一筆過轉入自選戶口,目的在透過增加競爭,迫使受託人降低管理費。半自由行能否使打工仔少受剝削,尚待觀察。這個補救措施,是當年設計強積金制度時,未夠深思熟慮的結果,加上當年的政治偏見,使強積金在不少人心目中,成為一種「罪惡」;事態說明一個不妥當的政策,影響極其深遠,市民、政府和社會都要付出代價。
長者津貼本屬民粹產物 政黨政客還層層加碼
回顧強積金的一些情况,檢視社會上熱議的長者生活津貼,使人忐忑不安。
首先,議題源於今年特首選舉期間,參選人唐英年在競選政綱提出給合資格長者發放每月3000元退休津貼,梁振英不甘後人,競選政綱提出在「現行生果金計劃基礎上增設特惠生果金,有需要長者經簡單入息及資產申報後,每月可獲約雙倍津貼」,梁振英當選特首,現在政府提出的長者生活津貼,就是要履行梁振英的競選承諾。
唐梁二人當日提出給長者派錢,可有經過深思熟慮?當時,唐英年說政府每年增加開支約66億元;至於梁振英,當時並無估算涉及多少公帑開支,近日,政府公布的2200元計劃,每年要62億元經常開支。唐英年派錢大手筆,較梁振英多36%,公帑開支較政府的建議卻只多4億元,無論誰對誰錯,更重要的是反映不夠深思熟慮。事實上,當時唐梁就給長者派錢,都未提及對政府財政的長遠負擔,而唐梁競選時一句話,納稅人就要每年替他們埋單62億或66億元。
政府的2200元津貼計劃,本已不乏民粹色彩,去到政黨政客手中,更加不得了。連日來,多個政黨政客都擺出為民請命的架式,層層加碼,有直接要求70歲以上長者免資產申報,也有要求提高資產上限。不少政黨政客「要脅」政府,若不就範就否決撥款云云。所以,情况顯示長者生活津貼計劃,在民粹之路愈滑愈深,最終會否出現類如強積金的錯誤政策,禍及下一代,對政府是極大考驗。
除了政府提供的數據,專家學者都認為若無資產申報機制,隨着人口老化,長者生活津貼會成為政府財政和社會的沉重負擔。不過,有反對申報資產的政黨政客,則表示有隱蔽議程,目標不在長者生活津貼,志在全民退休保障,他們的策略是「洗大咗」之後,可以迫使政府實行全民退休保障云云。這個邏輯,非常不負責任,因為「洗到多大」之後,全民「得救」?在「洗大」過程中出了問題,誰來負責?而且,按他們的邏輯,只是為下一代製造問題而已。
一些政黨政客口口聲聲說全民退休保障,但是他們從來不說錢從何來。衆所周知,實行全民退休保障,必然要加稅,大改香港的簡單稅制和低稅率,意味着什麼?鼓吹全民退休保障的政黨政客,有責任向市民講清楚。在社會對加稅無共識情况下講全民退休保障,看不到有任何意義。
關於長者生活津貼,政府要恪守協助有需要人士的原則,必須堅持資產申報機制,即使政府不夠票通過撥款,也絕對不能退讓;政黨政客應該懸崖勒馬,務實地對待政府的建議,展示負責任的問政議政質素,否則,若政府、政黨、政客在民粹的基礎上加三級,將會遺禍香港社會和下一代。強積金已是慘痛教訓,長者生活津貼切勿重蹈覆轍。
Editorial
Saving the Old Age Allowance Scheme from Populism
Saving the Old Age Allowance Scheme from Populism
LIKE the Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) system, the enhanced Old Age Allowance scheme has been introduced for the sake of the retired population. The MPF system, however, was ill-conceived at the time of introduction, and an Employee Choice Arrangement, to commence on November 1, is designed to address one of its problems.
Launched 11 years ago, the MPF system has attracted public anger and hostility, as was evident last year, when a public outcry followed a government proposal in the Budget to inject $6,000 into each and every MPF account. The proposal, it was said, would only serve to benefit the MPF trustees. For the fact is that, with their poor returns and high management fees, MPF funds not only fail to provide for retirement, but eat into employees' hard-earned money. The MPF system has become a goose that lays golden eggs for the trustees and fund managers.
It remains to be seen if employees' interests could be better protected with the introduction of the Employee Choice Arrangement, but one thing is clear: an ill-conceived policy can have far-reaching effects, for which both the government and society may have to pay heavily.
Seen in this light, we cannot but consider the at present much-discussed enhanced Old Age Allowance scheme with a sense of misgiving.
The issue in fact arose during the Chief Executive race this year. Not to be outdone by Henry Tang Ying-yen, who proposed in his election platform a $3,000 retirement allowance a month for all qualified senior citizens, Leung Chun-ying stated as part of his election platform that "a special old age allowance scheme will be introduced over and above the present one, and needy senior citizens will be entitled to an allowance about double the present amount after passing a simple means test". The enhanced Old Age Allowance scheme now introduced by the government is to fulfil Leung's election promise.
If the $2,200 Old Age Allowance scheme smacks of populism, it becomes even more so when passed on to politicians and political parties. Recently, many of them have, in the name of serving the people, demanded more and more from the government. Some insist that there should be no means test for those aged 70 or above, and some declare that the income and asset limits should be raised. Many have even threatened that, unless their demands are complied with, they will vote down the government's application for funding of the scheme. Clearly, the enhanced Old Age Allowance issue is getting more and more steeped in populism. Will the scheme end up as badly devised as the MPF system and play havoc with the coming generations? The government is now put to a severe test.
Political parties and politicians are talking glibly about a universal pension scheme, but they never tell us where the money to finance the scheme is to come from. As everyone knows, a universal pension means an increase in taxes and a drastic revision of Hong Kong's low and simple taxation regime. It is pointless talking about such a pension when there is no public consensus on tax increases.
On the enhanced Old Age Allowance issue, the government must stick to the principle of helping only the needy and insist on a means test. No concessions should be made even if the funding approval is voted down. The MPF system is bad enough. Hong Kong cannot afford an equally bad enhanced Old Age Allowance scheme.
明報社評 2012.10.11﹕強積金已經一團糟 長者津貼勿重蹈覆轍
強積金和長者生活津貼都關乎長者退休後的生活,下月1日實施的強積金半自由行,是用以糾正強積金制度設計之弊,這是當年缺乏深思熟慮的結果。
強積金實施至今已經11年,市民對強積金的憤恨,從去年財政預算案,政府給每個強積金戶口注資6000元,而引發的群情洶湧可見一斑,市民認為政府注資是「明益」強積金受託人。因為強積金回報率已經不高,管理費卻高昂,蠶食打工仔的血汗錢,未能保障打工仔退休生活,卻成為供養受託人與基金經理的會生金蛋的鵝。
強積金半自由行,能否使打工仔少受剝削,尚待觀察。事態說明一個不妥當的政策,影響極其深遠,市民、政府和社會都要付出代價。
回顧強積金的一些情況,檢視社會上熱議的長者生活津貼,使人忐忑不安。
首先,議題源於今年特首選舉期間,參選人唐英年在競選政綱提出給合資格長者發放每月3000元退休津貼,梁振英不甘後人,競選政綱提出在「現行生果金計劃基礎上增設特惠生果金,有需要長者經簡單入息及資產申報後,每月可獲約雙倍津貼」,梁振英當選特首,現在政府提出的長者生活津貼,就是要履行梁振英的競選承諾。
政府的2200元津貼計劃,本已不乏民粹色彩,去到政黨政客手中,更加不得了。連日來,多個政黨政客都擺出為民請命的架式,層層加碼,有直接要求70歲以上長者免資產申報,也有要求提高資產上限。不少政黨政客「要脅」政府,若不就範就否決撥款云云。所以,情況顯示長者生活津貼計劃,在民粹之路愈滑愈深,最終會否出現類如強積金的錯誤政策,禍及下一代,對政府是極大考驗。
一些政黨政客口口聲聲說全民退休保障,但是他們從來不說錢從何來。眾所周知,實行全民退休保障,必然要加稅,大改香港的簡單稅制和低稅率。在社會對加稅無共識情況下講全民退休保障,看不到有任何意義。
關於長者生活津貼,政府要恪守協助有需要人士的原則,必須堅持資產申報機制,即使政府不夠票通過撥款,也絕對不能退讓。強積金已是慘痛教訓,長者生活津貼切勿重蹈覆轍。
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