2018年7月2日 星期一

中國經濟一波三折 兩難處境考驗空前


<轉載自201872 明報 社評>

在中美貿易戰開打日期逐步逼近之際,內地的經濟狀况又亮起紅燈,令世界警覺。一是5月份經濟數據出現了下行迹象,二是A股一度跌入熊市區域,上證綜指曾觸及兩年來最低點;三是人民幣跌勢不止,兌美元匯率已跌至自去年12月以來最低水平。這令中國經濟在外患逼近之際,又出現了嚴重內憂,而兩者疊加、互相影響,增加了處理的難度。

去槓桿影響經濟股市 降準放水令貨幣貶值

今次中國經濟的波幅雖不算嚴重,但複雜程度卻可謂空前,決策者選擇面臨眾多兩難,例如,去槓桿造成的銀根緊張,影響到實體經濟和股票市場;但降準放水又與去槓桿扞格,進一步加劇中美利差,加大了資本流出壓力;美元指數上升,令人民幣貶值預期進一步升溫;匯率貶值又令貨幣寬鬆政策受到掣肘,進一步加大經濟下滑壓力。這些兩難困境,是對中央經濟決策層的空前重大考驗。

內地5月份主要經濟數據幾乎全線偏弱:工業增加值不及預期;固定資產投資增速見2000年以來新低,15月份全國固定資產投資同比增速比14月回落0.9個百分點,社會消費零售總額增幅8.5%,是15年新低。6月份中國製造業採購經理指數(PMI)為51.5%,比上月又下降0.4個百分點。國家級智庫的內部報告警告,在中美貿易戰雲密佈之際,內地有可能發生金融恐慌。4點值得警惕的狀况為:貨幣信用總量增長乏力;企業融資環境偏緊;「去槓桿」加「嚴監管」,引致信用債市違約頻發;股市風險再次積累。

在去槓桿成為國策後,內地銀行便收緊信貸,打擊影子銀行,對地方政府融資和公私投資項目也加大監督力度。有研究認為,內地貨幣流動性2016年中開始明顯退潮,市場流動性已顯著收緊,受貨幣流動性和銀行流動性緊縮影響,市場流動性仍將繼續承壓。在此背景下,內地違約數量已急劇增加,據惠譽評級統計,截至6月初已有12宗。在「水緊」及貿易戰的雙重憂慮下,A股指數一度從1月的高點下跌22%

但另一方面,去槓桿遠未大功告成,一項調查顯示,以家庭債務/家庭可支配收入測算,中國家庭2017年末的槓桿率高達110.9%,已經超越美國家庭的108.1%水平,而供貸的主要目的是購買住房。

針對內地樓市亂象,住房城鄉建設部會同中宣部、公安部、稅務總局等7個部委,近日聯手採取行動,自本月起至年底,在北京、上海、廣州、深圳等30個城市展開治理房地產市場亂象行動,打擊的重點包括投機炒房、地產「黑中介」、違法違規發展商和虛假地產廣告等四方面。再加上有關國家開發銀行將收緊內地棚戶區(舊竂屋區)改造貸款審批的傳言,對內地城市特別是三四線城市的房地產去庫存戰略,也勢必造成衝擊。

放任貶值或導致危機 央行釋信號政策微調

人民幣兌美元匯率中間價兌美元上周六貶破6.6大關,不僅連貶8日,更是20171220日來首次貶破6.6關口,人民幣中間價上半年累計貶值1.26%。人民幣匯率下跌,既受美國聯儲局加息造成的美元升值影響,也受中美貿易戰引起的恐慌情緒牽動,但總體來說,還是中國經濟本身的體質所致。從經濟學角度講,只要中國國內人民幣資產的投資回報率未獲改善,人民幣匯率都會面臨持續壓力。而在信用本位時代,如果銀行恣意放貸,形成不良資產,而央行收購這些不良資產來增發貨幣,此貨幣的信譽必受挑戰。

外界有揣測是中方為對冲美國的貿易戰影響,故意放任人民幣貶值。惟此時此刻,中國或並不傾向以匯率作武器,一是在當前貿易摩擦情况下,商品貿易對匯率的敏感度下降,單靠貶值對出口的促進效果有限;二是這樣一來,反落下操縱匯率的口實,激怒美方,不利於未來談判;三是這樣做掣肘了貨幣政策空間。而人民幣貶值一旦失控,還會觸發新一輪恐慌性拋售、資本外逃及外匯儲備減少,對國內資產價格、資金外流等方面,負面影響更大。

儘管上半年中國經濟一波三折,但內地多個機構仍預測上半年經濟增速可達到6.8%左右,而下半年和全年的經濟增長可達6.7%左右。雖然上周五A股出現反彈行情,但這種勢頭本周能否持續,內外變數仍多。上周三人民銀行貨幣政策委員會今年第二季例會上,釋出了多個新信號,貨幣政策方面,在重申「穩健中性」後,首度明確提出「鬆緊適度」;關於流動性表述,也從「保持流動性合理穩定」變為「保持流動性合理充裕」;去年第四季例會上提出的「切實管住貨幣供給總閘門」,已變成「管好貨幣供給總閘門」,在強調微言大義的內地,以上種種蛛絲馬迹讓人嗅到政策微調的味道。

Difficulties facing the Chinese economy

AS a trade war between China and the US edges nearer, the world is becoming alert to the economic conditions of the mainland, which are showing signs of difficulties. First, economic figures show a downward trend for the month of May. Second, the A-Share market was once in bearish territory, with the SSE Composite Index once hitting the lowest point in two years. Third, the Renminbi's plunge continues, and it has fallen to the lowest level since last December against the US Dollar.

While the Chinese economy is not experiencing wild fluctuations, the complexity of the situation is unprecedented. Decision makers are facing multiple dilemmas. For example, the capital crunch resulting from deleveraging has impacted the real economy and the stock market. However, the lowering of the benchmark interest rates would come into conflict with deleveraging and widen the spread between mainland and US interest rates, inducing a bigger capital outflow. The rise in the US Dollar index is fuelling expectations of Renminbi devaluation. Devaluation itself, however, would impede the monetary easing policy and heighten the risk of an economic downturn. Such dilemmas are putting the economic leadership of the central government to the test.

Ever since deleveraging became a national policy, banks on the mainland have been tightening loan rules, shadow banks have been cracked down on, and regulation of financing activities of regional governments as well as public and private investment projects has been stepped up. Some research shows that currency liquidity on the mainland has been in obvious retreat since mid-2016, and market liquidity has been in decline. The tightening of currency liquidity and bank liquidity will continue to put pressure on market liquidity. The number of defaults has risen sharply against such a backdrop. According to Fitch Ratings, as of early June there had been 12 such cases. The double worries about tightened liquidity and a trade war have caused the A-Share index to plunge 22% from the January peak. But on the other hand, deleveraging has yet to be successful. A study comparing household debt with household disposable income shows that the leverage ratio of Chinese households was 110.9% as of late 2017, surpassing US households (108.1%). The primary aim of leveraging was to buy flats.

Furthermore, the exchange rate of the Renminbi against the US dollar fell below the key 6.6 level last Saturday. Not only did the Renminbi weaken for eight days in a row, but it also marked the first time since 20 December 2017 that the Renminbi had sunk below the 6.6 level. The Renminbi's central parity rate was down by 1.26% over the first half year.

There is speculation that the Chinese government intentionally allowed the Renminbi to depreciate so as to hedge against a trade war with the US. However, China may not intend to use exchange rates as a weapon at this moment in time for a number of reasons. First, the nature of the ongoing arguments over trade is such that it has reduced the sensitivity of merchandise trade to exchange rates. Such being the case, the effects of devaluation on increasing exports will be limited. Second, by doing so the Chinese government will get the blame for exchange-rate manipulation and anger the US, which will not be conducive to future talks. Third, this will limit the room for adjusting fiscal policies. Furthermore, if the devaluation of the Renminbi spirals out of control, it will trigger a new wave of panic selling, capital flight and the reduction of foreign exchange reserves. This will be even more harmful to asset prices in China and the situation of the outflow of capital.

中國經濟一波三折 兩難處境考驗空前

在中美貿易戰開打日期逐步逼近之際,內地的經濟狀况又亮起紅燈,令世界警覺。一是5月份經濟數據出現了下行迹象,二是A股一度跌入熊市區域,上證綜指曾觸及兩年來最低點;三是人民幣跌勢不止,兌美元匯率已跌至自去年12月以來最低水平。

今次中國經濟的波幅雖不算嚴重,但複雜程度卻可謂空前,決策者選擇面臨眾多兩難,例如,去槓桿造成的銀根緊張,影響到實體經濟和股票市場;但降準放水又與去槓桿扞格,進一步加劇中美利差,加大了資本流出壓力;美元指數上升,令人民幣貶值預期進一步升溫;匯率貶值又令貨幣寬鬆政策受到掣肘,進一步加大經濟下滑壓力。這些兩難困境,是對中央經濟決策層的空前重大考驗。

在去槓桿成為國策後,內地銀行便收緊信貸,打擊影子銀行,對地方政府融資和公私投資項目也加大監督力度。有研究認為,內地貨幣流動性2016年中開始明顯退潮,市場流動性已顯著收緊,受貨幣流動性和銀行流動性緊縮影響,市場流動性仍將繼續承壓。在此背景下,內地違約數量已急劇增加,據惠譽評級統計,截至6月初已有12宗。在「水緊」及貿易戰的雙重憂慮下,A股指數一度從1月的高點下跌22%。但另一方面,去槓桿遠未大功告成,一項調查顯示,以家庭債務/家庭可支配收入測算,中國家庭2017年末的槓桿率高達110.9%,已經超越美國家庭的108.1%水平,而供貸的主要目的是購買住房。

人民幣兌美元匯率中間價兌美元上周六貶破6.6大關,不僅連貶8日,更是20171220日來首次貶破6.6關口,人民幣中間價上半年累計貶值1.26%

外界有揣測是中方為對冲美國的貿易戰影響,故意放任人民幣貶值。惟此時此刻,中國或並不傾向以匯率作武器,一是在當前貿易摩擦情况下,商品貿易對匯率的敏感度下降,單靠貶值對出口的促進效果有限;二是這樣一來,反落下操縱匯率的口實,激怒美方,不利於未來談判;三是這樣做掣肘了貨幣政策空間。而人民幣貶值一旦失控,還會觸發新一輪恐慌性拋售、資本外逃及外匯儲備減少,對國內資產價格、資金外流等方面,負面影響更大。

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