<轉載自2012年10月19日 明報 社評>
政府公布的土地儲備詳情,突顯了兩個情况,就是丁屋政策衍生土地使用的不合理性和不可持續性;另外,丁屋政策的不公平、不公義本質,在原居民和非原居民之間製造矛盾,損害社會和諧。丁屋政策不能再拖下去,政府必須全面檢討,實施新政策,要「兩凍結」,即凍結增加丁屋土地和凍結丁權,使問題控制在一定範圍,讓市民看到原居民特權有終結之日。
變異為地產發展 丁屋已違政策原旨
發展局交代,閒置政府土地約有1300公頃可供興建住宅用途,其中鄉村式發展、即是丁屋用地佔七成,約有932公頃,一般住宅用地只有約391公頃。原居民人口約佔本港總人口一成,政府為他們籌謀的丁屋用地卻遠多於其他市民,差距之大,有虧待非原居民之嫌。
此外,391公頃一般住宅用地,有測量師以每間住宅600方呎計算,可興建約26萬個單位,以每年興建2萬個私宅、1.5萬個公屋和5000個居屋單位計算,可滿足6.5年需求,以此對照原居民所佔用932公頃土地,可供發展約14年,興建約60萬個單位,以平均一家三口計算,可使180萬人安居,房屋居住根本就沒有問題。不過,現在原居民佔用的932公頃土地,只能興建5萬至7萬間丁屋,以一家四口計算,居民不超過30萬人。原居民與非原居民使用土地效益差異之大,從中可見一斑,突顯了丁屋政策土地使用的不合理。
丁屋政策另一個荒謬之處是丁權無限。年滿18歲原居民男丁,一生一次可申請在新界建造一間丁屋,甚至連移居外地的原居民後代,即使從來不在本港居住,只要回港認祖歸宗,也有權申建丁屋。因此,只要政策不變,原居民繁衍不絕,理論上,有朝一日整個香港也不夠他們建丁屋。這種所謂原居民建屋權利,舉世皆無,香港面積只有1100平方公里,丁屋政策明顯不可能持續,回歸15年以來,歷任5名主理土地規劃的決策官員,都曾指出丁屋政策有問題和不可持續,都說要檢討,但是皆爛尾收場或未付諸實行,使問題愈積愈大,解決無期。
丁屋政策原為顧及原居民自住需要和改善居住環境,不過,現在已變異為地產發展項目,有人向原居民徵集丁權,集體發展,興建屋苑式住宅,然後高價放售,賺取豐厚利潤。這類變種丁屋,會否有原居民被哄騙,以低價售出權益,暫且不論,而丁屋政策面目全非,製造機會給發展商或地方勢力人物牟利,已經偏離政策原旨,單就這一點,政府就有檢討的必要。
政府制訂政策,必須顧及長遠影響,例如長者生活津貼,政府堅持申報資產,就是考慮到若毋須申報,日後財政將無法承擔。這是負責任的做法。然則,丁屋政策不可持續,若不改變,政府有責任交代就原居民的建屋欲求,本港可以承受到幾時?政府會怎麼辦?全港市民有權知道答案。現在,政府動用大量公帑開拓土地,增加土地儲備,若丁屋政策不改變,則開拓所得土地,部分必然由原居民分佔,出現全港市民出資維持原居民特權的情况,相信很多人會不同意。
丁屋政策必須檢討和改變,已經顯而易見,在達至新政策之前,我們認為,政府不應該繼續放寬可建丁屋範圍。本來,可建丁屋土地,限於「認可鄉村範圍」,即是環繞642條認可鄉村周圍的300呎土地;其後,政府以《城市規劃條例》引入新界為由,把部分新界土地劃作「鄉村式發展」,丁屋興建範圍大大增加了。到去年3月底,根據地政總署估計,可供興建丁屋的「認可鄉村範圍」和「鄉村式發展」有4960公頃,經過多年發展,當時說可建丁屋土地估算還有1640公頃;本來,丁屋土地用完,政策就執行不下去,但是政府繼續為原居民「找地」,例如開放邊境禁區的2000公頃土地,政府只規劃約110公頃土地建屋,全數撥作原居民申建丁屋之用。所以,已知的可建丁屋範圍,並非地政總署所說的4960公頃,而是持續增加。
凍結丁權與用地 問題才有望解決
由丁屋政策發展看來,丁權無限和政府不斷為原居民籌謀土地,讓他們不合理地佔用珍貴的土地資源,是衍生問題的根源。我們認為檢討丁屋政策,必須兩凍結。
第一,必須停止增加可建丁屋土地,把問題凍結在一定範圍,才有望解決。
第二,必須「截龍」,凍結丁權在一定數量,不能無止境地增加。事實上,原居民子子孫孫,千秋萬代都可以享有建屋特權的做法,封建透頂,不應該延續下去。其中最應該廢除的是所謂海外丁權,這些原居民後代在外地出生,並不在港居住,他們卻享有建屋特權,佔用珍貴的土地資源,是很荒謬的事。
總之,丁屋政策所衍生問題,已經到了不能再拖的地步,梁振英政府應該開展檢討,提出新政策,解決這個歷史遺留下來的問題。
Editorial
NT Small House Policy Unsustainable
THE LAND RESERVE DETAILS announced by the government have drawn attention to two important facts. First, the New Territories (NT) Small House Policy has rendered Hong Kong's land use irrational and unsustainable. Second, the policy is in itself unfair and unjust, and by creating conflicts between indigenous and non-indigenous communities is inimical to social harmony.
According to the Development Bureau, there are about 1,300 hectares of vacant government land available for residential development, of which about 70 percent, or about 932 hectares, are for "Village Type Development", which means they are reserved for the erection of NT small houses, while only about 391 hectares are earmarked for the housing purposes of the general public. Indigenous NT inhabitants account for approximately 10 percent of Hong Kong's entire population, yet the government has reserved far more residential land for them than for other Hong Kong citizens, which does not seem to be fair to the latter.
And according to surveyors, 391 hectares can provide about 260,000 residential units measuring 600 square feet each. Basing our calculations on this, we may quite safely conclude that the 932 hectares reserved for NT small houses can provide 600,000 units. Let us assume that an average family consists of three people, 600,000 units mean that 1.8 million people can be comfortably accommodated, and Hong Kong's housing problem will be completely solved. Now, however, only 50,000 to 70,000 NT small houses are to be built on the 932 hectares of land. Assuming that there will be four people to each house, no more than 300,000 people will be accommodated. This underlines the irrationality of the NT Small House Policy.
The NT Small House Policy is also irrational in that the small house right goes on endlessly. Under this policy, male indigenous villagers aged 18 or above may once in their lifetime apply for permission to build a small house in the New Territories. Even the descendants of indigenous inhabitants who have emigrated to other countries are entitled to this right. Theoretically, if this policy remains unchanged, there won't be enough land to meet the housing requirements of indigenous inhabitants even if the whole of Hong Kong is earmarked for them, since their number will go on increasing through natural causes.
It is obvious that the NT Small House Policy must be reviewed and changed. Previously, NT small houses were only to be built within "the environs of recognised villages", which means within 300 feet around each of the 642 recognised villages. However, with the government's allocation of large portions of NT land for "Village Type Development", the village environs have been greatly expanded.
We are of the opinion that a review of the NT Small House Policy should mean two freezes.
First, there must be no further expansion of the environs of recognised villages. The problem of NT small houses cannot be solved unless a freeze is imposed on the village environs.
Second, an end must be put to the small house right. In other words, the privilege enjoyed by indigenous inhabitants must not be allowed to pass on from generation to generation endlessly - such a practice simply stinks of feudalism. The small house right of the so-called "overseas indigenous inhabitants" should in particular be abolished. For as descendants of indigenous inhabitants who have emigrated, they were born overseas and do not live in Hong Kong. It is totally unreasonable that they should be entitled to this housing privilege.
The problems caused by the NT Small House Policy have come to a point where they must be addressed with no further delay. The Leung Chun-ying government should review this policy bequeathed by history and replace it with a new one to solve all those problems.
明報社評2012.10.19﹕丁屋政策不可持續 政府須檢討提新政
政府公布的土地儲備詳情,突顯了兩個情况,就是丁屋政策衍生土地使用的不合理性和不可持續性;另外,丁屋政策的不公平、不公義本質,在原居民和非原居民之間製造矛盾,損害社會和諧。
發展局交代,閒置政府土地約有1300公頃可供興建住宅用途,其中鄉村式發展、即是丁屋用地佔七成,約有932公頃,一般住宅用地只有約391公頃。原居民人口約佔本港總人口一成,政府為他們籌謀的丁屋用地卻遠多於其他市民,差距之大,有虧待非原居民之嫌。
此外,391公頃一般住宅用地,有測量師以每間住宅600方呎計算,可興建約26萬個單位,以此對照原居民所佔用932公頃土地,可興建約60萬個單位,以平均一家三口計算,可使180萬人安居,房屋居住根本就沒有問題。不過,現在原居民佔用的932公頃土地,只能興建5萬至7萬間丁屋,以一家四口計算,居民不超過30萬人,突顯了丁屋政策土地使用的不合理。
丁屋政策另一個荒謬之處是丁權無限。年滿18歲原居民男丁,一生一次可申請在新界建造一間丁屋,甚至連移居外地的原居民後代,也有權申建丁屋。因此,只要政策不變,原居民繁衍不絕,理論上,有朝一日整個香港也不夠他們建丁屋。
丁屋政策必須檢討和改變,已經顯而易見。本來,可建丁屋土地,限於「認可鄉村範圍」,即是環繞642條認可鄉村周圍的300呎土地;其後,政府把部分新界土地劃作「鄉村式發展」,丁屋興建範圍大大增加了。
我們認為檢討丁屋政策,必須兩凍結。
第一,必須停止增加可建丁屋土地,把問題凍結在一定範圍,才有望解決。
第二,必須「截龍」,凍結丁權在一定數量,不能無止境地增加。事實上,原居民子子孫孫,千秋萬代都可以享有建屋特權的做法,封建透頂,不應該延續下去。其中最應該廢除的是所謂海外丁權,這些原居民後代在外地出生,並不在港居住,他們卻享有建屋特權,是很荒謬的事。
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