2013年5月23日 星期四

釜底抽薪破管治困局 政黨政治是最佳選擇

<轉載自2013523日 明報 社評>  
 
「梁班子」執政未及一年,管治困局浮現,有人認為特首梁振英要改組政府、行政會議要換血,不過,我們認為:即使有能人志士願意襄助,只要政治體制仍然與現實脫節,就算連特首人選也更換了,情况也不會改善。香港管治困局,並非誰做特首的問題,而是沒有一套名實相副的責任政治,出路是必須對政治體制進行根本變革,實施政黨政治,建立起責任政治的倫理,香港才有望走出內耗空轉、管治失效和各方面發展停滯不前的困局。
 
董建華曾蔭權梁振英 同樣面對管治困局

去年特首選舉,梁振英因緣際會,以黑馬姿態擊敗大熱門唐英年,但是梁振英當選,使既得利益集團的盤算落空,他的組班,從揀選政策局長到物色行政會議成員,都遭到一些人抵制,「梁班子」11個月下來,政績乏善足陳,應對事態做法盡多可議之處,良好管治可望不可即,與班底能力有關;此外,被認為梁振英支持者的幾名局長和行政會議成員,相繼爆出醜聞,梁振英是否知人善用,備受質疑。「梁班子」力有不逮,對現况固然要負主要責任,而「梁班子」先天不足,揭示即使同屬建制陣營,只要派系不同,利益組合有異,仍然會出現扯後腿、變相杯葛的情况。這是小圈子選舉利益掛帥而不利於管治的一面。

近日,行政會議成員張震遠創辦的商品交易所出事,他暫停所有公職,由於張震遠與梁振英關係密切,而商交所涉及刑事罪行調查,因此對行政會議、政府和梁振英的威信,已經構成影響。坊間不少意見認為,張震遠和半年前因為賣樓事故已經請假的另一名行會成員林奮強,應該即時離職,而梁振英要調整「梁班子」,更換一些局長和行會成員,重新出發挽回民望,爭取衝破管治困局。政府民望甚低,即使梁振英願意改組政府,對於珍惜羽毛的人,現在會否願意進入這個熱廚房,是一大疑問。設若改組之後,網羅所得仍然只是二三流腳色,也難寄厚望。

梁振英用人左支右絀,與他的個人因素和條件有關,不過,若檢視董建華和曾蔭權的管治,最終都以管治失效收場,說明特首按現在的體制施政,無論誰做特首,結果殊途同歸。

董建華空降統領政府機器,首任5年,政務官公務員系統的陽奉陰違取態,使他吃盡苦頭,2002年第二任時,他實施問責制,這是政府管治架構的重大改動,不過,在經濟持續不景、公民社會冒起、立法會有權無責等因素夾擊下,最終因為《基本法23條立法處理不當,以腳痛為由下台。曾蔭權接任之後,保留問責制形貌,重用政務官系統官員,在他治下,問責制只有其名,並無其實,不過,他領導的政府,後期仍然管治失效,而曾蔭權任期末段被揭發涉嫌貪腐,最後只得焦頭爛額地任滿離去。至於梁振英,執政只有11個月,但是種種負面事態,暫時看不到他有扭轉乾坤的能耐。

董建華、曾蔭權和梁振英的管治困局,除了各自一些不同條件和所處特定時空,都有一個共通點,就是以他們為首的政治體制,根本未能應對有高度自由、公民社會興起,特別是立法會有權無責的政治環境。民主派在推動民主、監察政府運作方面,確實起到積極作用;但是民主派於整體管治積極作用較多、抑或消極作用較多,不同立場的人會有不同看法。總的而言,民主派是反對派,但是並非西方民主政治的「忠誠反對派」,這與政制的不民主實質有關。

建立責任政治倫理 政治問題迎刃而解

現行政治體制設計,民主派不可能執政,但是他們在議會所享有權力,卻足以阻礙政府施政,建制派批評民主派為反對而反對,現實上是如此,不過,此乃整體權力結構失衡的必然結果。近期,激進派別衝擊立法會,包括意圖以拉布拖垮政府,正是立法會有權無責的極致表現。董建華和曾蔭權吃足這個苦果,梁振英亦深陷其間,所以,事態清楚說明,香港管治困局,並非換了什麼人做特首就可以解決,即使實施特首真普選,若政治體制依舊,也不可能扭轉局面。

政治體制需要根本變革,首要建立責任政治的倫理。責任政治分兩個層次:
1)每一名立法會議員都要為其行為負責,若議員的行為乖離了主流社會接受的程度,則可透過選票反映對議員的取捨,現行比例代表制顯然不能產生這種倫理關係,所以,選舉辦法需要修訂。
2)現行規定特首不能是政黨成員,以本港政治生態,已經不合時宜。設若特首所屬政黨在立法會選舉獲勝,組織政府,包括聯合其他黨派組織政府等,以得到充分授權的姿態執政,就可以改變現在立法會宛如泥漿摔角的局面。政府做得好,下次選舉有望再勝選執政,否則就政黨輪替,這就是責任政治的最高體現,只有由選民話事(誰來組織政府),才會體現出來。

責任政治的載體就是政黨政治,只要實施政黨政治,看似不可能處理的烏煙瘴氣困局,都可以透過選舉解決。2008年之前,台灣陳水扁推動台獨、挑動族群對立、撕裂台灣社會,當時,許多人都為台灣憂慮,但是一場選舉,國民黨馬英九大勝當選,民進黨慘敗,經此一役,不但解決了陳水扁的問題,連台獨氣燄也壓下來,兩岸對峙緩和,這是民主選舉、政黨輪替之功。政黨政治並非洪水猛獸,而是解決政治問題的最好平台。所以,梁振英的管治困局,並非換什麼人就會改善,而是需要釜底抽薪,全面變革政治體制,才可以為香港重新找到動力。

Editorial

Party Politics Are the Best Choice

LEUNG CHUN-YING'S victory in last year's Chief Executive election dashed the expectations of many vested interest groups, and when he tried to put together a ruling team he met with non-cooperation in some quarters. Consequently, Leung had difficulty in his selection of both policy ministers and Executive Council members. Eleven months into its term, the Leung team has little achievement to speak of. What is more, several people on the team, including policy ministers as well as Executive Council members, have become mired in scandals, and the public cannot but query Leung's ability to pick the right people for the right jobs.
 
The incompetence of the Leung team is of course the principal factor of its disappointing performance. But the team is handicapped from the very start, which shows clearly that, while they may belong to the pro-establishment camp, politicians from different interest groups will still hinder the government's operation. Seen in this light, "small-circle" elections, dominated as they are by self-interests, are an obstacle to efficient administration.


The Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange founded by Executive Council member Barry Cheung Chun-yuen has recently run into trouble, dealing another blow to the prestige of the Executive Council as well as the government and Leung. There are many who believe that Leung must replace some policy ministers and Executive Council members so that his administration may start afresh and win public support.

However, history shows that both the Tung Chee-hwa and Donald Tsang Yam-kuen administrations were also plagued by problems of inefficiency. Clearly, the present political system is such that, whoever the Chief Executive may be, he will not be able to fare much better.

Leung is as handicapped as Tung and Tsang were in that he heads a political system which simply cannot cope with a political environment characterised by a high degree of freedom, an emerging civil society, and a Legislative Council with powers but no responsibility.

The current political system is so designed that the pan-democrats cannot expect to form a government. However, as Legislative Council members, they can exercise their powers and put hurdles in the way of the government. Everything shows that Hong Kong's administrative problems cannot be resolved by a change in Chief Executives, and, as long as the political system remains unchanged, the present situation cannot be improved even if the Chief Executive is elected by genuine universal suffrage.

Our political system is clearly in need of basic reform, which first of all requires the establishment of the principle of political accountability through a twofold approach:

(1) Every Legislative Council member should be responsible for what they do. If they go against the will of mainstream society, the voters will at the next election express their preferences by their ballots. The present proportional representation system is clearly unable to establish this principle of political accountability. The electoral system must be revised.

(2) According to present regulations, the Chief Executive must not be a member of any political party. This is no longer suited to the needs of the times. If the Chief Executive belongs to a political party and if his party wins the Legislative Council election and forms a government with the full authorisation of the people, there will be a transformed Legislative Council. And if the government does well, it can expect to get re-elected; otherwise it will be replaced by another political party. The possibility of party alternation will give full expression to the principle of political accountability. Let the voters decide who should form the government.

The present political deadlock appears impossible to overcome, but if party politics are introduced, many problems can be resolved through the ballot box.

明報社評 2013.05.23﹕釜底抽薪破管治困局 政黨政治是最佳選擇

去年特首選舉,梁振英當選,使既得利益集團的盤算落空,他的組班,從揀選政策局長到物色行政會議成員,都遭到一些人抵制,「梁班子」11個月下來,政績乏善足陳,此外,被認為梁振英支持者的幾名局長和行政會議成員,相繼爆出醜聞,梁振英是否知人善用,備受質疑。

「梁班子」力有不逮,對現况固然要負主要責任,而「梁班子」先天不足,揭示即使同屬建制陣營,只要派系不同,利益組合有異,仍然會出現扯後腿的情况。這是小圈子選舉利益掛帥而不利於管治的一面。

近日,行政會議成員張震遠創辦的商品交易所出事,對行政會議、政府和梁振英的威信,已經構成影響。坊間不少意見認為,梁振英要更換一些局長和行會成員,重新出發挽回民望。

不過,若檢視董建華和曾蔭權的管治,最終都以管治失效收場,說明特首按現在的體制施政,結果殊途同歸。

董建華、曾蔭權和梁振英的管治困局,有一個共通點,就是以他們為首的政治體制,根本未能應對有高度自由、公民社會興起,特別是立法會有權無責的政治環境。

現行政治體制設計,民主派不可能執政,但是他們在議會所享有權力,卻足以阻礙政府施政。事態清楚說明,香港管治困局,並非換了什麼人做特首就可以解決,即使實施特首真普選,若政治體制依舊,也不可能扭轉局面。

政治體制需要根本變革,首要建立責任政治的倫理。責任政治分兩個層次:

1)每一名立法會議員都要為其行為負責,若議員的行為乖離了主流社會接受的程度,則可透過選票反映對議員的取捨,現行比例代表制顯然不能產生這種倫理關係,所以,選舉辦法需要修訂。

2)現行規定特首不能是政黨成員,已經不合時宜。設若特首所屬政黨在立法會選舉獲勝,以得到充分授權的姿態執政,就可以改變現在立法會的局面。政府做得好,下次選舉有望再勝選執政,否則就政黨輪替,這就是責任政治的最高體現,由選民話事(誰來組織政府)。

只要實施政黨政治,看似不可能處理的烏煙瘴氣困局,都可以透過選舉解決。

沒有留言:

張貼留言