2013年11月14日 星期四

富戶政策效果不彰 輪候時間不盡不實

<轉載自20131114 明報 社評>

審計署就多項公屋事務發表調查報告,發現房委會所說申請人輪候公屋分配時間,有不盡不實之嫌,而現行配額及計分制的做法,變相鼓勵年輕人盡早擠入輪候冊,製造更多怨懟和不滿;另外,實施了20多年的富戶政策,效果不彰,在現行機制之下,繳交富戶租金與富戶的比例,有明顯差距。房委會有必要檢討有關事項,釐清輪候時間,覆核輪候冊以呈現確實公屋需求;至於富戶政策,房委會要研究採取措施,達至公屋只為照顧有需要人士的政策目標。

所謂3年上樓 淪為「空的承諾」

公屋輪候冊已經累積約23萬個申請個案,數年來,在公屋供應未見相應增加情下,房委會仍然聲稱一般申請人(即家庭申請者和長者一人申請者)平均輪候時間,前者約3年,後者約2年。但是,審計署發現,截至今年3月底,輪候冊一般申請者之中,29%已等候3年或以上,7%更已等候5年或以上;另外,審計署分析了截至今年3月底的12個月內,獲得安置的約1.3萬個案,發現平均實際輪候時間由2.91年至4.12年不等。

房委會還聲稱安排3次配屋建議的整個過程,預計只需912個星期,但是審計署發現,如申請人不接受首次配屋,房署平均需時5個月提供第2次配屋建議,如申請人仍不接受,房署另需9個月提供第3次(即是最後一次)配屋建議。至於已經推行8年的配額及計分制,截至今年3月底,約有30%申請人已經等候超過3年,其中57%30歲以下。

由上述情可見,經審計署比對各項數據,房委會所謂3年上樓之說淪為「空的承諾」,有不盡不實,甚而誤導之嫌。市民輪候公屋曠日持久,遲遲未能上樓,本已怨懟甚多,對3年上樓之說更說覺得「眼火爆」,因為切身體驗明明並非如此,認為被當局欺騙,更為不滿。房委會所謂3年上樓,指的是平均輪候時間,具體是指輪候冊上登記至首次配屋時間,但是這個界定,市民知之甚少,誤會或誤導都由此而來。平均輪候時間容易產生認知歧義,徒惹爭議,「實候時間」概念較直接清晰,容易理解,值得房委會研究採納。

審計報告指出輪候冊之中,配額及計分制累積超過11萬宗申請個案,由2008/092012/13年度,平均輪候時間由1.8年增至3.6年,獲安置申請人則由1991人減少至1690人。配額及計分制申請人有67%35歲或以下,其中超過八成是學生或具備專上或更高學歷,他們輪候公屋,是本港居住問題深層次矛盾的另一個反映,原因固然值得深入探討,但是他們獲分配公屋的比例甚低,由2008/092012/13年度,並無30歲以下申請人獲編配公屋。從公屋照顧有需要人士角度,年輕人少獲分配公屋的做法,無可厚非,但是他們有份輪候,無份安置,則年輕人對現狀不滿,完全可以理解。

現行配額及計分制有鼓勵年輕人盡早申請公屋的誘因,因為按機制,每輪候多1年可加12分,而提出申請時的年齡每加1歲只加3分。這項誘因若持續,本港居住狀又無根本改變,預期年輕申請人會繼續增加,輪候冊會愈來愈長。以現在配額及計分制申請人每年只佔不超過2000個單位的配額,即使申請人數不增加,也需要數十年時間才可以消化,所以,當局對年輕人輪候公屋,實際上提供的是一個「虛假希望」。因此,審計署認為房委會宜重推複查制度,定期剔除不合資格的申請人,以評估真正的公屋需求,認為可以避免出現供應誤判的情。這個建議,值得房委會考慮採納。

須檢討現行政策 使富戶騰出單位

至於富戶政策,截至今年3月底,接近72萬個公屋住戶,其中20,445個(3%)繳交額外租金,繳交市值租金的則只有15個。但是根據2011年人口普查,接近19萬個(約26%)公屋住戶每月入息在2萬元或以上,即超過現行公屋輪候冊3人家庭每月入息限額18,310元的水平;另外,2011年本港家庭住戶入息中位數為20,200元,而116,397個(約16%)公屋住戶每月收入在2.5萬元以上,接近現行公屋輪候冊5人家庭每月限額25,360元的水平。

按人口普查顯示的公屋住戶每月入息水平,保守估計約有10萬個家庭屬富戶,但是現在只有約2萬個住戶繳交額外租金,顯然未達到富戶政策的目標。這邊廂輪候冊愈來愈長,那邊廂經濟狀較佳的公屋住戶,卻不把單位交出來,讓房署編配給更有需要的家庭,這個錯配除了不公平之外,還會衍生市民之間的矛盾,當局也因為執行不力而備受批評。
 
房委會應該檢討富戶政策,審視資助政策和合理分配政策的各項準則,研議合理調整,使已經受惠於資助政策、而經濟條件好轉的公屋富戶,承擔責任和義務,必要時應採取懲罰措施,讓富戶霸佔公屋單位將得不償失;嚴格而言,要富戶繳交額外租金,是消極做法;迫使或誘使他們交還租住的單位,才是積極做法。增建居屋,增加誘因,使富戶流向居屋,應是當局思考善用公屋資源的方向。

Editorial

Public housing policy in need of review

THE AUDIT COMMISSION has published a review on various aspects of public rental housing (PRH), which shows that the Housing Authority's PRH waiting-time statistics are not very reliable, and the "Well-off Tenants" policies, introduced more than 20 years ago, are ineffective.

The number of applicants on the Housing Authority's PRH Waiting List has now come to about 230,000. In the past few years, there has been no adequate increase in the supply of PRH flats, yet the Housing Authority continues to say that the average waiting time for general applicants (ie family applicants and single elderly applicants) ranges from around two years (for single elderly applicants) to around three years (for family applicants). However, the Audit Commission's findings are that 29 percent of the general applicants on the PRH Waiting List as at the end of March 2013 had already waited for three years or more, and 7 percent had waited for five years or more. As for the 13,000 or so general applicants housed in the 12-month period preceding the end of March 2013, an analysis made by the commission shows that the actual waiting time ranged from 2.91 years to 4.12 years.

As can be seen from the above, the Housing Authority's promise that PRH applicants need only wait three years is without substance and in a way misleading. When people have to wait long for the allocation of PRH flats, they naturally feel disgruntled, and to them the "three years" claim is particularly irritating since it is at odds with their personal experience. They suspect deceit on the part of the authorities and are dissatisfied. What the Housing Authority means by "three years" is the average waiting time, which is defined as the period between registration on the PRH Waiting List and the first housing offer. This definition, however, is little known to the public and easily leads to misunderstandings and controversies. It would be clearer and more easily understandable to tell the public the actual waiting time. This is a proposal the Housing Authority should consider and, if possible, adopt.

As regards the "Well-off Tenants" policies, in the 12-month period preceding the end of March 2013, only 20,445 PRH households (3 percent) out of a total of almost 720,000 had to pay additional rent. And only 15 of these households had to pay market rent. However, according to the PRH household income data published in the population census report, about 100,000 households may, in a conservative estimate, be defined as "well-off". As only about 20,000 PRH households have to pay additional rent at present, the "Well-off Tenants" policies have clearly failed to achieve their objectives. While the PRH Waiting List is getting longer and longer, the better-off families are not returning their flats to the Housing Authority for reallocation to families in greater need.

The Housing Authority should therefore overhaul its "Well-off Tenants" policies, and see if the criteria set out in the Housing Subsidy policy and the policy on Safeguarding Rational Allocation of Public Housing Resources should be revised to make sure that "well-off" PRH households, which have already benefited from the Housing Subsidy policy, undertake their obligations and responsibilities. Punitive action should be taken if necessary. Strictly speaking, it is a passive measure to demand additional rent from "well-off" PRH households. What should be done is to actively encourage or force them to give up their flats. By increasing the supply of Home Ownership Scheme flats and providing greater incentives, "well-off" PRH households should be encouraged to move to Home Ownership Scheme flats. This is a line of thought the authorities should pursue for the better use of public housing resources.

明報社評 2013.11.14﹕富戶政策效果不彰 輪候時間不盡不實

審計署就多項公屋事務發表調查報告,發現房委會所說申請人輪候公屋分配時間,有不盡不實之嫌,而實施了20多年的富戶政策,效果不彰。

公屋輪候冊已經累積約23萬個申請個案,數年來,在公屋供應未見相應增加情下,房委會仍然聲稱一般申請人(即家庭申請者和長者一人申請者)平均輪候時間,前者約3年,後者約2年。但是,審計署發現,截至今年3月底,輪候冊一般申請者之中,29%已等候3年或以上,7%更已等候5年或以上;另外,審計署分析了截至今年3月底的12個月內,獲得安置的約1.3萬個案,發現平均實際輪候時間由2.91年至4.12年不等。

由上述情可見,房委會所謂3年上樓之說淪為「空的承諾」,有不盡不實,甚而誤導之嫌。市民輪候公屋曠日持久,遲遲未能上樓,本已怨懟甚多,對3年上樓之說更加覺得「眼火爆」,因為切身體驗明明並非如此,認為被當局欺騙,更為不滿。房委會所謂3年上樓,指的是平均輪候時間,具體是指輪候冊上登記至首次配屋時間,但是這個界定,市民知之甚少,誤會或誤導都由此而來。平均輪候時間容易產生認知歧義,徒惹爭議,「實候時間」概念較直接清晰,容易理解,值得房委會研究採納。

至於富戶政策,截至今年3月底,接近72萬個公屋住戶,其中20,445個(3%)繳交額外租金,繳交市值租金的則只有15個。但是根據人口普查顯示的公屋住戶每月入息水平,保守估計約有10萬個家庭屬富戶,但是現在只有約2萬個住戶繳交額外租金,顯然未達到富戶政策的目標。這邊廂輪候冊愈來愈長,那邊廂經濟狀較佳的公屋住戶,卻不把單位交出來,讓房署編配給更有需要的家庭。
 
房委會應該檢討富戶政策,審視資助政策和合理分配政策的各項準則,研議合理調整,使已經受惠於資助政策的公屋富戶,承擔責任和義務,必要時應採取懲罰措施;嚴格而言,要富戶繳交額外租金,是消極做法;迫使或誘使他們交還租住的單位,才是積極做法。增建居屋,增加誘因,使富戶流向居屋,應是當局思考善用公屋資源的方向。

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