2018年6月11日 星期一

特朗普打台灣牌 兩岸現兵凶戰危

<轉載自2018611 明報 社評>

美國在台協會(AIT)台北辦事處新館明天(12日)落成,由於特金會緣故,美國只有助理國務卿羅伊斯(Marie Royce)出席典禮,之前美國國家安全顧問博爾頓出席的突破性局面終未出現,但美國最近在台灣問題上動作不斷,特朗普不僅在軍備上挺台,更公開在外交上撐台。種種作為,令台海緊張情勢升高,對台灣並非福音。

特朗普改變兩岸政策 軍事外交均傾斜台灣

中美建交後,歷屆美國政府雖在海峽兩岸首鼠兩端,但起碼守住「一中」底線,盡力保持台海和平現狀,但特朗普上台後的兩岸政策卻出現了很大轉變,即外交上踐踏「一中」紅線,軍事上挑動兩岸緊張。

美國國防部長馬蒂斯月初在新加坡演講時指出,美國依據台灣關係法,會持續提供台灣自我防衛的武器裝備。同日有美國官員透露,美國正在考慮派遣一艘軍艦通過台灣海峽,是自去年7月美國海軍神盾艦現身台海以後,美艦連續第二年巡弋台海;特朗普政府4月已向美國廠商發出了對台灣出售潛艇製造技術的許可證;美國參議院軍事委員會5月通過參院版國防授權法草案中,要求加強與台灣的安全交流,包括參與台灣軍演,如年度漢光演習,台灣也應適當參與美國軍演;美台軍事合作持續深化,有關美國軍機以「人道」理由在台灣控制的南海太平島機場起降的話題亦不時被提起。

在台灣外交新一波受壓潮下,美國改變了以往不介入的做法,直接走上前台,在世衛大會(WHA)上,美國衛生部長對台灣未能與會直言「非常遺憾」,指排除台灣令跨國防疫更難處理;在台灣兩個邦交國轉與大陸建交時,美國都前所未有地公開表達失望,指摘北京的行動是改變台海現狀。上周,美國政府更罕有地呼籲美國的航空公司不要遵從中方的「一中正名」要求。

在美國朝野重新檢討對華政策的大背景下,美台關係進入蜜月期並不令人意外,但具賭徒風格的特朗普打「台灣牌」,表面看對陷入困境的民進黨政府是雪中送炭,但實際上是為與北京討價還價增加籌碼。而兩岸關係陷入僵局,給了特朗普政府操作「以台制陸」的空間,兩岸關係愈僵,美國操弄「台灣牌」的空間愈大。

在特朗普的算計中,美國利益永遠優先,而「台灣牌」是性價比最高的籌碼——只要擴大與台灣政治、軍事交往,美國就有了更多與大陸談判的籌碼。即使激怒北京,承擔後果的也是台灣。兩岸攤牌,無論後果如何,戰場也在台灣。對此,兩岸當局者都不可不察。對台灣來說,籌碼更有限,無論是充當牽制大陸的「籌碼」、「棋子」、「牌」還是「槓桿」,都難逃「工具性」命運。

籌碼少難逃工具命運 未受其利反先受其害

民進黨政府或許會為將國防、外交「外判」給美國而有恃無恐,但是實際卻是把台灣的利益抵押給了美國,而美國是不會為「工具」犧牲自身的利益的。台灣的未來恐怕未見其利,先受其害。例如,美國要求台灣在對美軍備採購方面編列更多國防預算,僵持已久的美豬、美牛入口問題也必然再提上議程。美國貿易代表處(USTR)在《2018年對外貿易障礙評估報告》中,更點名關切台灣的稻米採購制度以及酒稅議題。

同時,在中美貿易戰中,台灣無法置身事外,還難免池魚之殃。去年台灣中間貿易對大陸出口額為763.6億美元,佔出口總額逾85%。美國對華301制裁落實之際,台灣亦將受嚴重衝擊。而台灣較早前向美爭取鋼鋁稅豁免的努力已受挫,據台灣經濟部的預估,未來台灣鋼鐵輸美,將有三成會被課以更高關稅。

美國武裝台灣,並不會令台灣海峽更加平靜,反會令台海更不安全,得益的只是美國軍工集團。大陸輿論已經警告,海峽中線並非兩岸分界線,只是兩岸的默契而已,若美艦以「自由航行」名義頻繁穿行海峽,中線默契遲早被打破,解放軍戰艦也將「自由航行」海峽全海域,機艦繞島更將成為新常態。

早在陳水扁時代,民進黨政府就有意在兩岸矛盾中拉美國落水,結果被小布殊總統斥為「麻煩製造者」。現在對特朗普打「台灣牌」,蔡英文政府見獵心喜,積極配合,早在去年12月蔡英文在會見美國在台協會主席莫健時就宣示:「台灣是印度-太平洋區域的自由民主國家,自然是『自由開放的印度-太平洋』戰略中的相關者。」顯示在「印太戰略」尚未成形時,就已迫不及待地想加入。今年適逢島內「九合一」選舉,民進黨政府在內政難有起色、兩岸僵局難破的情况下,繼續向美國靠攏的政策方向不會改變。只是隨着美台踐踏「一中」紅線的互動愈來愈多,台海和平穩定被打破的風險也愈來愈高。

Trump's Taiwan card risks breaking peace in the strait

THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE IN TAIWAN (AIT) is to open its new office complex in Taipei tomorrow (June 12). Since the opening will overlap the Trump-Kim summit, Washington is only dispatching Assistant Secretary of State Marie Royce to the ceremony. The once-anticipated groundbreaking attendance by US National Security Adviser John Bolton is not happening. Still, in recent months, the US has made continuous moves on the Taiwan issue. Not only has Trump backed Taiwan by arms sales, but he has also openly shown diplomatic support for the island. All these ploys have raised tensions in the Taiwan Strait, which is certainly not glad tidings to Taiwan.

After the establishment of diplomatic relations with China, successive US administrations all handled the Taiwan issue in a vacillating manner. But at least they all observed the bottom line of "one China" and tried to maintain the status quo of peace in the Taiwan Strait. However, Washington's policies on Taiwan and cross-strait issues have shown a sharp departure from those of previous administrations since Trump took office. The administration has, diplomatically, trampled on the red line of "one China" and, militarily, provoked tensions in the strait.

In a speech made in Singapore early this month, US Secretary of Defence Mattis said Washington will persist in providing defence articles and services for Taiwan's self-defence in accordance with the Taiwan Relations Act. On the same day, US officials disclosed that they were considering sending a warship through the Taiwan Strait. Given the presence of a US navy Aegis destroyer in the strait last July, the latest plan will mean US warships cruising through the Taiwan Strait for two years in a row. In April, the Trump administration granted the license required for American manufacturers to sell submarine building technology to Taiwan. In May, the Senate Armed Services Committee passed a draft bill of the National Defence Authorisation Act which called for enhancing security exchanges with Taiwan, including US participation in Taiwan exercises such as the annual Han Kuang drill. The Act also called on Taiwan to reciprocate by participating in relevant US exercises. Amid such continuous strengthening of military collaboration between the US and Taiwan, there have also been frequent suggestions of allowing landings and take-offs by US military planes at the airport of Taiping Island, one of the Spratly Islands controlled by Taiwan.

In view of a fresh wave of diplomatic setbacks suffered by Taiwan, Washington has dropped its past approach of non-intervention in this respect and chosen to address the issue directly on stage. At this year's World Health Assembly (WHA), US Secretary of Health and Human Services spoke forthrightly of his "deep regret" over Taiwan's absence from the assembly. He said the exclusion of Taiwan has made it more difficult to engage in cross-border prevention against infectious diseases. Moreover, when two of Taiwan's diplomatic allies turned to establish ties with mainland China, Washington also, unprecedentedly, expressed its disappointment openly and accused Beijing of trying to change the cross-strait status quo. Last week, the US administration even made the rare move of urging American airlines to ignore China's demand to "rectify Taiwan's name in accordance with the one China principle".

Against the backdrop of the US government and public seeking to re-examine the policy towards China, it is no surprise that US-Taiwan relations have entered another honeymoon period. However, given Trump's gambling style, even the Taiwan card he plays may seem to be timely assistance to Taiwan's beleaguered Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) government, it is, in fact, just an additional bargaining chip tossed out by Washington in its negotiation with Beijing.

Taiwan will have its "nine-in-one" election later this year. But it is unlikely that the DPP government can make progress in internal affairs or achieve a breakthrough in the cross-strait deadlock. Under such circumstances, it is foreseeable that the DPP will not change its policy direction of leaning towards the US. However, as the US and Taiwan interact more in a way that tramples on the red line of "one China", they will also heighten the risk of breaking the peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait.

特朗普打台灣牌 兩岸現兵凶戰危

美國在台協會(AIT)台北辦事處新館明天(12日)落成,由於特金會緣故,美國只有助理國務卿羅伊斯(Marie Royce)出席典禮,之前美國國家安全顧問博爾頓出席的突破性局面終未出現,但美國最近在台灣問題上動作不斷,特朗普不僅在軍備上挺台,更公開在外交上撐台。種種作為,令台海緊張情勢升高,對台灣並非福音。

中美建交後,歷屆美國政府雖在海峽兩岸首鼠兩端,但起碼守住「一中」底線,盡力保持台海和平現狀,但特朗普上台後的兩岸政策卻出現了很大轉變,即外交上踐踏「一中」紅線,軍事上挑動兩岸緊張。

美國國防部長馬蒂斯月初在新加坡演講時指出,美國依據台灣關係法,會持續提供台灣自我防衛的武器裝備。同日有美國官員透露,美國正在考慮派遣一艘軍艦通過台灣海峽,是自去年7月美國海軍神盾艦現身台海以後,美艦連續第二年巡弋台海;特朗普政府4月已向美國廠商發出了對台灣出售潛艇製造技術的許可證;美國參議院軍事委員會5月通過參院版國防授權法草案中,要求加強與台灣的安全交流,包括參與台灣軍演,如年度漢光演習,台灣也應適當參與美國軍演;美台軍事合作持續深化,有關美國軍機以「人道」理由在台灣控制的南海太平島機場起降的話題亦不時被提起。

在台灣外交新一波受壓潮下,美國改變了以往不介入的做法,直接走上前台,在世衛大會(WHA)上,美國衛生部長對台灣未能與會直言「非常遺憾」,指排除台灣令跨國防疫更難處理;在台灣兩個邦交國轉與大陸建交時,美國都前所未有地公開表達失望,指摘北京的行動是改變台海現狀。上周,美國政府更罕有地呼籲美國的航空公司不要遵從中方的「一中正名」要求。

在美國朝野重新檢討對華政策的大背景下,美台關係進入蜜月期並不令人意外,但具賭徒風格的特朗普打「台灣牌」,表面看對陷入困境的民進黨政府是雪中送炭,但實際上是為與北京討價還價增加籌碼。

今年適逢島內「九合一」選舉,民進黨政府在內政難有起色、兩岸僵局難破的情况下,繼續向美國靠攏的政策方向不會改變。只是隨着美台踐踏「一中」紅線的互動愈來愈多,台海和平穩定被打破的風險也愈來愈高。

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